Homework Lance
Multiple Choice
9.1 _____ times as many whites attend college as are under correctional supervision.
a. Three c. Five
b. Four d. Two
ANS: B
REF: 403
LO: 1
9.2 In 2009, more than ___________ people were incarcerated in federal and state prison and local jails.
a. 300 thousand c. half a million
b. 1.6 million d. 2.1 million
ANS: B
REF: 405
LO: 1
9.3 About _____ percent of Hispanic males are under correctional supervision.
a. 8 c. 12
b. 10 d. 14
ANS: A
REF: 403
LO: 1
9.4 Less than _____ percent of white males are under correctional supervision.
a. 8 c. 4
b. 6 d. 3
ANS: D
REF: 403
LO: 1
9.5 Nearly _____ percent of African American males are under correctional supervision.
a. 25 c. 17
b. 20 d. 14
ANS: B
REF: 403
LO: 1
9.6 Because of the jail’s role as a pretrial detention center, there is a high rate of __________ among the jail population.
a. depression c. turnover
b. physical conflict d. dissension
ANS: C
REF: 415
LO: 2
9.7 The decision to release a prison inmate on discretionary parole is made by:
a. a court. c. a parole board.
b. a prison administrator. d. a governor.
ANS: C
REF: 417
LO: 2
9.8 Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using:
a. mandatory minimum sentencing. c. indeterminate sentencing.
b. determinate sentencing. d. split sentencing.
ANS: B
REF: 417
LO: 2
9.9 The decision to revoke parole is:
a. discretionary. c. legislative.
b. unusual. d. mandatory.
ANS: A
REF: 418
LO: 2
9.10 The majority of all the people under correctional supervision are:
a. incarcerated in prison. c. on parole.
b. incarcerated in jail. d. on probation.
ANS: D
REF: 419
LO: 2
9.11 The racial disparity for probation is __________ the racial disparity for the prison population.
a. greater than c. about equal to
b. not as great as d. harder to determine than
ANS: B
REF: 419
LO: 2
9.12 The phenomenon of drug courts in American criminal justice emerged in:
a. the late 1970s. c. the mid 1980s.
b. the early 1980s. d. the late 1980s.
ANS: D
REF: 420
LO: 2
9.13 Outside of tribal settings, Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as:
a. Community Corrections. c. Halfway Houses.
b. Drug Courts. d. Rehabilitation Centers.
ANS: B
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.14 Advocates argue that the Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are a modern revitalization of Native principles of:
a. justice. c. retribution.
b. authority. d. tradition.
ANS: A
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.15 All methods and procedures adopted by Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are firmly grounded in:
a. dispute resolution mechanisms. c. retributive justice.
b. statutory law. d. medical guidelines.
ANS: A
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.16 The most common issue dealt with in the Tribal Courts is the problem of:
a. physical violence. c. drug abuse.
b. domestic violence. d. alcohol abuse.
ANS: D
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.17 Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts have __________ in off-reservation crimes.
a. full jurisdiction c. limited influence
b. co-jurisdiction d. significant influence
ANS: C
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.18 Jacobs argues that, without exception, early research on the adjustment of men to life in prison disregarded the issue of:
a. race. c. violence.
b. homosexuality. d. all of the above.
ANS: A
REF: 427
LO: 1
9.19 As late as the _____ some prisons segregated prisoners according to race as a natter of official policy.
a. 2000s c. 1950s
b. 1970s d. 1990s
ANS: B
REF: 434
LO: 1
9.20 Some religious movements concern prison officials and social commentators because of their apparent assertions of:
a. retribution. c. rebellion.
b. racial supremacy. d. pacifism.
ANS: B
REF: 429
LO: 1
9.21 Prison gangs are also referred to as:
a. organized crime groups. c. racial/ethnic networks.
b. racial/ethnic threat groups. d. security threat groups.
ANS: D
REF: 431
LO: 1
9.22 The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964.
a. Sing Sing Penitentiary c. Harlem
b. Soledad Prison d. Chicago
ANS: C
REF: 430
LO: 1
9.23 The Asatru followers practice a form of __________ religion.
a. Pagan c. Muslim
b. Christian d. Protestant
ANS: A
REF: 431
LO: 1
9.24 Currently, six states __________ the teachings of the Five Percenters; other states label all followers as gang members.
a. ban c. censor
b. permit d. have legally challenged
ANS: B
REF: 430
LO: 1
9.25 Compared to other countries in the world, the United States consistently has an incarceration rate that is:.
a. the lowest c. about the average
b. the highest d. similar to other developed countries
ANS: B
REF: 414
LO: 1
True/False
9.26 The Mexican Mafia is distinguished by a predominant Marxist/Maoist/Lennonist communist ideology.
a. True b. False
ANS: B
REF: 432
LO: 1
9.27 In the international arena, the United States consistently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 414
LO: 1
9.28 The Annual Survey of Jails reveals that just more than half of jail inmates are being detained while awaiting trial, whereas just less than half of all jail inmates are convicted offenders.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 414
LO: 2
9.29 Although the Aryan Brotherhood espouses white supremacy, they shun neo-Nazi ideologies as being excessively radical and extremist.
a. True b. False
ANS: B
REF: 432
LO: 1
9.30 Many correctional observers say that even with the numerical dominance of African Americans in correctional facilities, they are still at a disadvantage in terms of the allocation of resources.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 429
LO: 1
9.31 In 1962, however, the U.S. Supreme Court (Fulwood v. Clemmer) ordered the District of Columbia Department of Corrections to “stop treating the Muslims differently from other religious groups.”121 This decision paved the way for the Black Muslim movement to be seen as a legitimate religion and to be taken seriously as a vehicle of prison change through such avenues as litigation.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 430
LO: 1
9.32 A series of court decisions have declared de jure racial segregation in prisons to be unconstitutional.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 434
LO: 1
9.33 Discretionary parole decisions are made by prison administrators.
a. True b. False
ANS: B
REF: 417
LO: 2
9.34 Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 417
LO: 2
9.35 The racial disparity for probation is not as great as the racial disparity for the prison population.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 419
LO: 2
Fill-In
9.36 The most common issue dealt with in Tribal Courts is _________.
ANS: alcohol abuse
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.37 Religion often emerges as a source of ________ among prison inmates.
ANS: solidarity
REF: 429
LO: 1
9.38 The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964.
ANS: Harlem
REF: 430
LO: 6
9.39 In 2005 the U.S. Supreme Court, in its opinion in__________, overturned a lower court ruling indicating the California DOC could not use racial classifications in prison to assign mandatory segregated housing based on race.
ANS: Johnson v. California
REF: 434
LO: 1
9.40 The decision to revoke parole is __________.
ANS: discretionary
REF: 418
LO: 2
9.41 The racial disparity for __________ is not as great as the racial disparity for the prison population.
ANS: probation
REF: 418
LO: 2
9.42 Outside of tribal settings, courts similar to Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as __________.
ANS: drug courts
REF: 421
LO: 3
9.43 In recent years, __________ have represented the fastest-growing minority group in the prison population.
ANS: Hispanics
REF: 406
LO: 1
9.44 The term __________ refers to offenders who return to offending after experiencing a criminal conviction and the corresponding punishment.
ANS: recidivist
REF: 409
LO: 1
9.45 Incarceration __________ offer the most vivid picture of the overrepresentation of African Americans and Hispanics in prison populations.
ANS: rates
REF: 412
LO: 1
Essay
9.46 How have Supreme Court rulings altered the way that prisons respond to the issues of racial segregation and prison gangs?
ANS:
REF: 434
LO: 1
9.47 How have expressions of race and religion been controlled among incarcerated populations over time? How have court rulings affected the treatment of these issues?
ANS:
REF: 429
LO: 1
9.48 Explain how the racial and ethnic composition of female prison populations differs from that of male prison populations.
ANS:
REF: 406
LO: 4
9.49 How has the overrepresentation of African Americans in state and federal prison populations since 1926 changed?.
ANS:
REF: 410
LO: 6
9.50 Do you agree with Tonry’s argument that the war on drugs has had a particularly detrimental effect on African American males? Provide detailed evidence to support your argument.
ANS:
REF: 411
LO: 6
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