MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The health status of the underprivileged and many racial and ethnic minority groups is poor. Evidence of poor health status and malnutrition increases as income level increases.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: C
Although healthcare disparities are a serious problem in the United States for the underprivileged and not all ethnic minorities are disadvantaged, different cultural backgrounds and language barriers can predispose individuals to nutritional deficiencies. Regardless, the consensus is that the health status of the underprivileged and many racial and ethnic minority groups is poor. Evidence of poor health status and malnutrition decreases as income levels increase.
REF: p. 309
2. Each of the following accurately describes aspects of dietary acculturation except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
This is the gradual adjustment of dietary patterns to a new location.
b.
This is the immediate adjustment of dietary patterns to a new location.
c.
First-generation immigrants typically are still rooted in their homeland and have at least one native meal daily.
d.
Dental hygienist should learn about ethnic foods so they can assist patients obtain similar types of foods.
ANS: B
When an individual moves from one country to another and is unable to find familiar foods, the search for similar foods and adjustment to food of the new locale is called dietary acculturation. Although first-generation immigrants typically have at least one native meal per day, because of dietary challenges in their new homeland, second-generation immigrants might not receive adequate dietary information from their parents. Consequently, second-generation immigrants can become deficient in key nutrients.
REF: pp. 310-311
3. Milk is the only food used worldwide. In many cultures, milk is not consumed by adults.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: C
Although it is true that milk is the only food used worldwide, many cultures consider it appropriate only for infants and children. This is an example of the fact that nutritional value is secondary to cultural norms in many cultures.
REF: p. 309
4. Although both kale and tomatoes are readily available in the United States, kale consumption is higher because it is a more nutrient dense food.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: E
Although kale and tomatoes are equally available to Americans, tomatoes are consumed in much greater quantity. This remains true despite the fact that tomatoes have less nutrient density than kale. This food pattern illustrates the fact that no culture has ever been known to make food choices based solely on nutritional and health values of food. Nutrient density is the amount of nutrients in a food relative to the number of kilocalories it provides.
REF: p. 309
5. A raw carrot is considered less nutrient-dense than a candy bar because the carrot contains more nutrients per kilocalorie.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: D
Nutrient density refers to the amount of nutrients in a food relative to the number of kilocalories it provides. This is a key term that the dental hygienist uses to help patients make wise food selections. Stated differently, foods without nutrient density are considered “wasted” kilocalories. The candy bar, high in kilocalories but low in nutrients, provides an excellent example.
REF: p. 309
6. Comparing the cost of 20 g of protein from the following sources, which is the least economical source?
a.
Tuna, canned in water
b.
Ground turkey
c.
Processed American cheese
d.
Chicken breasts with bone and skin
e.
Sliced bacon
ANS: E
Sliced bacon costs $3.50 per 20 g of protein; tuna canned in water costs $ 0.66; ground turkey costs $1.49; processed American cheese costs $1.43, and chicken breasts with bone and skin cost $0.50. Comparisons such as these can be used by the dental hygienist to help patients select high-quality proteins while on a budget.
REF: p. 316 | Table 16-2
7. In considering both nutrition and economics, a mother is evaluating both reconstituted orange juice and chocolate milk as an after-school beverage for her children. Which statement indicates that the dental hygienist understands such nutritional dilemmas?
a.
Encourage the mother to select the beverage her children are most likely to drink.
b.
Advise the mother that orange juice costs less per service than does chocolate milk.
c.
Advise the mother that orange juice has less fiber than chocolate milk.
d.
Advise the mother that chocolate milk provides more vitamin C.
ANS: B
Orange juice not only is more economical per serving, it contains more vitamin C and fiber than chocolate milk. Another major consideration, although orange juice has natural sugars, chocolate milk has refined sugars added.
REF: p. 320 | Table 16-3
8. Which food additives control growth of mold, bacteria, and yeast?
a.
Sodium benzoate, sulfites, and sorbic acid
b.
Monoglycerides and diglycerides
c.
Casein, pectin, and gelatin
d.
Fumaric acid, lactic acid, and phosphoric acid
ANS: A
Sodium benzoate, sulfites, and sorbic acid are additives that control growth of mold, bacteria, and yeasts. They are found in pickles, preserves, fruit juice, dried fruit, cheese, and wine to name a few. Monoglycerides and diglycerides are added to food to retain uniform consistency and texture. Casein, pectin, and gelatin are thickeners that provide desired thickness of gel-like qualities. Fumaric acid, lactic acid, and phosphoric acid are additives that control the pH of many foods and may act as buffers, neutralizing agents, or leavening agents.
REF: p. 324 | Table 16-4
9. While discussing food budgets with a patient a dental hygienist would wisely convey each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
The average American family spends approximately 15% of its income on food.
b.
Families at the poverty level may spend 20 to 25% of household income on food.
c.
Numerous fruits and vegetables cost no more than many less healthy foods.
d.
Generally, more of the food dollar should be spent for fruits, vegetables, grain products, milk, and dry beans.
e.
In general, a large proportion of the food dollar is spent on processed foods.
ANS: B
The average family spends approximately 15% of income on food, but families at the poverty level may spend 33%. Purchasing the most nutritious products using available money is a common concern at most income levels. A salient fact that hygienists should convey during such discussions, the price per edible gram of numerous fruits and most vegetables cost no more than many less healthy foods. Translated for patients, both fruits and vegetables are less expensive than less healthy foods when measured by price per average portion. Note that this is true for all food groups except protein.
REF: p. 311
10. Food deserts are yet another nutritional constraint frequently encountered by people with limited financial resources. Small, independent stores provide the best opportunity for people in inner city and rural areas to purchase reasonably priced fruits and vegetables.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: D
Food deserts, located in lower-income, inner city, and rural areas with few supermarkets but numerous small independent stores, present a considerable challenge to procuring affordable nutritious foods. Particularly significant, produce is 30% to 70% more expensive in small, independent stores. Other factors that limit access to nutrient dense foods include lack of availability, poor quality, and lack of transportation.
REF: p. 315
11. Which material is free of bisphenol A (BPA)?
a.
Metal cans
b.
Glass containers
c.
Hard plastic
d.
Water bottles
ANS: B
Bisphenol A (BPA) was approved by the FDA in the 1960s and has been used in manufacturing many hard plastic food containers for more than 40 years. It is not a food additive. Because BPA becomes a contaminant when used in packaging materials, the FDA has ordered manufactures to stop using it in infant bottles and feeding cups. Because trace amounts of BPA are found in some foods packaged in metal cans, hard plastic cookware, and water bottles, consumers are advised to used glass containers. Tomato products and green beans are of special concern when packaged in metal cans. Consumers are also advised against microwaving foods in plastic containers not labeled as microwave safe.
REF: p. 323
12. E. coli contamination does not differ between organic and conventional produce. Standards for composting of animal manure are more strict than for conventional farming.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: C
Note that organic produce is no less likely than conventional choices to be contaminated by dangerous bacteria. The second statement is false because standards for organic and conventional foods require specific procedures regarding the composting of animal manures, or the manure must be applied more than 90 days before harvest.
REF: p. 321
13. Nonorganic animals do not contain antibiotic residues because FDA regulations prohibit farmers from giving feed with antibiotics to conventionally raised animals for a period of time before slaughter.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: A
The “withdrawal time” is specific to the antibiotic used to ensure that the drug is at a safe level in the animal’s system before the meat or milk enters the food supply. Tests rarely detect traces of antibiotics or other drugs in conventionally produced meat, poultry, milk, or eggs.
REF: p. 321
14. In both organic and conventional farming, bacterial contamination of chicken and pork is common. Bacteria resistant to seven or more antibiotics was higher in conventional than in organic chicken and pork.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: C
Many people are surprised to learn that while organic produce has other attributes, it is no less likely than conventional choices to be contaminated by dangerous bacteria. For example, E. coli contamination does not differ between organic and conventional produce. Bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics was higher in conventional than in organic chicken and pork.
REF: p. 321
15. A dental hygienist could correctly convey each of the following statements to a patient considering the value of organic food except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
The health risks of pesticides in humans are unclear.
b.
Although organic produce contains fewer pesticide residues than convention, the difference is insignificant.
c.
Eating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables can limit exposure to any one type of pesticide residue.
d.
Imported produce is grown under the same regulations as those enforced by the USDA.
ANS: D
A wise approach is to purchase only fruits and vegetables subject of USDA regulations, because imported produce is not grown under the same regulations as those enforced by the USDA. Note that actual levels of contamination by pesticides in all foods grown in the United States are well below acceptable limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Significant to food safety, a typical human exposure to pesticides at 1% of the EPA acceptable daily intake represents an exposure 10,000-fold lower than levels that do not cause toxicity in animals.
REF: p. 321
16. Each of the following correctly state reasons for the higher cost of organic food except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
Production costs are higher.
b.
Labor costs are lower.
c.
Crops yields are lower.
d.
Demand is high.
e.
Profit margins are higher than conventional.
ANS: B
Organic food generally comes at a premium cost for many reasons, such as higher labor costs. Note that economic principles of supply and demand contribute to the cost differential between organic and conventional products. Production costs are higher, crop yields are lower, demand is higher, and the profit margins are higher. Consequently, organic products cost approximately 10% to 50% more than conventional products. Nutritionists stress that eating a lot of fruits and vegetables with pesticides outweigh any possible risk from ingesting trace amounts of pesticides.
REF: p. 321
17. Consumers state each of the following reasons for choosing organic foods except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
Environmental reasons
b.
Better taste
c.
Fresher food
d.
More humane treatment of animals
e.
Decomposition of topsoil
ANS: E
Among the reasons cited by consumers for selecting organic foods, preservation and additional deposition of topsoil is cited. Another reason cited is the belief that organically produced food contributes less to proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
REF: p. 321
18. An organic cracker made with wheat flour is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans if whole grain is listed as one of the top five ingredients. A dental hygienist would be wise to recommend selection of organic beverages, crackers, and candy bars as appropriate after-school snacks.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: B
Organic crackers may be made with wheat flour; however, if whole grain is not the first ingredient listed on the label, the cracker is inconsistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Dental hygienists should caution patients about reading labels. Regardless of a product’s “organic” status, food labels should be scrutinized to determine levels of kilocalories, saturated fat, sugar, sodium, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Organic foods to be careful of include sweetened beverages, crackers, candy, energy bars, and chips.
REF: p. 322
19. Restaurants with 20 or more locations post the number of kilocalories and other nutritional information standard menu items because since 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required that such establishments provide this information.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: C
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 requires chain restaurants with 20 or more locations to post the number of kilocalories and other nutritional information in each standard menu item. The FDA was authorized to establish requirements affecting many chain restaurants within a year, but this process has been slow. Consumer sentiment on such labeling is mixed; however, dietitians cite potential pressure on restaurants to reformulate and make healthful changes among the advantages.
REF: p. 322
20. When counseling a teenager about fast food, a dental hygienist could correctly cite the following facts except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
Most fast food menus lack a rich source of vitamin A.
b.
Consumer demands have driven establishment of salads and other healthy menu items.
c.
Shortages of biotin, folate, pantothenic acid, and copper are reported in fast foods.
d.
Studies reveal that protein is lacking in most menu items.
e.
A hamburger or roast beef sandwich supplies substantial amounts of iron.
ANS: D
Nutritional analyses by fast food chains and independent studies reveal their menu items contain rich sources of protein (30% to 50% of the recommended dietary allowances [RDAs]). Additionally, items are available that provide 20% to 30% of the RDAs for thiamin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, and calcium. Note that healthier options such as salads provide a source of vitamins A and C and dietary fiber; however, the cost may be twofold to sevenfold higher than the same foods purchased at supermarkets.
REF: p. 322
21. The terms natural and organic can be used interchangeably because the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regards them as synonymous (equal) terms.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: E
The terms natural and organic were used interchangeably in the past to describe food that was minimally processed and free of artificial additives or preservatives; however, consumers should be aware that only products with an organic label have met USDA standards. Legally, use of terms such as natural or all natural can mean anything the manufacturer wants them to mean.
REF: p. 322
22. Hair analysis can indicate exposure to toxic heavy metals content because hair reflects current body status.
a.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b.
Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c.
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d.
The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e.
Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: C
Although hair analysis can indicate exposure to toxic heavy metals, an important caveat for consumers is that hair grows slowly and does not reflect current body status. Although many products and procedures claim to provide current nutritional status based on hair analysis, vitamins are not present in hair except in roots below the skin. Also significant, hair mineral content can be affected by shampoos, bleach, dye, and many other factors, including environmental and geographic factors. A staggering statistic for dental hygienists to convey, Americans spend more than $10 billion annually for cures that are deemed quackery by scientists.
REF: p. 326
23. Weight loss therapies that rely on juicing typically provide increased fiber, vitamins, and minerals. An added incentive is that juices contain a lower concentration of sugar than the whole fruit.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: B
Freshly squeezed juices contain most of the vitamins, mineral, and phytonutrients found in the whole fruit; however, much of the fiber can be lost in the juicing procedure. A drawback is that fresh juice contains significant amounts of sugar that can actually lead to weight gain. Also pertinent, harmful bacteria can develop in fresh juice if it is not consumed in a short period of time.
REF: p. 326
24. A dental hygienist hoping to instill caution in a patient relying heavily on herbal supplements can accurately state each of the following except one. Which statement is the exception?
a.
Governmental organizations monitor production and marketing of herbal supplements only every 2 to 3 years.
b.
Cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, and renal failure have resulted from some herbal preparations.
c.
Herbal medicine should not be viewed as quackery, but it should be approached with caution.
d.
Many plant-based products are marketed as the only method to prevent and cure numerous conditions.
ANS: A
Surprising to many, governmental organizations do not monitor the production and marketing of herbal supplements. This lack of oversight creates numerous concerns associated with their use. Dental hygienists can help patients understand that although herbal medicine should not be regarded as quackery, it should be approached with caution. Particularly strong marketing is used by makers of herbal teas and other plant-based therapies that tout their products as the only natural method with which to prevent disease and cure numerous conditions. Patients should be aware that deaths and severe health problems have resulted from use of some herbal preparations in the United States.
REF: p. 326
25. Guidelines published in the New England Journal of Medicine to help prevent misinterpretation of scientific studies include each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?
a.
An association between two events is not the same as a cause and effect relationship.
b.
Demonstrating one link in a postulated chain of events does not mean that the whole chain has been proved.
c.
A single study can prove a theory if it is reviewed by peers.
d.
Probabilities are not the same as certainties.
e.
The way a scientific result is framed can greatly affect its impact.
ANS: C
A single study never proves a theory; it may provide conclusive information, but provoke more questions for further studies. A single study usually serves as another piece of the puzzle if it can be replicated. The remaining four selections are valuable guidelines developed and published by two physicians in the New England Journal of Medicine. Because the news media often have a poor understanding of research methods and may “jump the gun” to publish without verifying facts, these guidelines can help consumers and professionals.
REF: p. 328
26. Hunger typically precedes food insecurity. A Gallup poll taken in 2011 determined that 6.8 million households experienced very low food security at some point during the year.
a.
Both statements are true.
b.
Both statements are false.
c.
The first statement is true; the second is false.
d.
The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: A
Hunger, or an uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food, typically precedes food insecurity. Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to enough food to meet basic needs at some time because of insufficient funds or resources for food. Deciding which bills to pay—food or housing, heat, electricity, or water—exemplifies food insecurity. In households with very low food security, food intake is reduced and normal eating patterns are disrupted.
REF: p. 333
27. Which program is designed to help lower socioeconomic groups with all aspects of nutrition?
a.
The Nutrition Program for the Elderly
b.
Title III
c.
The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program
d.
Head Start
e.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
ANS: C
The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, available through county extension services of land-grant universities, assists with meal planning, budgeting, cooking, and other nutrition-related problems. Integral to this program are nutrition aides—low-income homemakers trained to visit homes of low-income families to assist in providing well-balanced meals. The Nutrition Program for the Elderly, Title III, provides group and home-delivered meals for more than 3 million elderly participants. Head Start is a preschool educational program for low-income families that provides breakfast, lunch, and snacks for children as well as nutritional guidance for parents.
REF: p. 331
28. Which term is used to describe medical practices that have been thoroughly evaluated using scientific methods?
a.
Meta-analysis
b.
Systematic reviews
c.
Evidence based
d.
Observational studies
ANS: C
The gold standard for research studies is evidence based, a term used to describe practice that has been thoroughly evaluated using scientific methods. Evidence-based studies involve evaluation of interventions based on risks and benefits revealed during randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trials. Meta-analysis combines all relevant studies from independent sources using a statistical technique. Systematic reviews also provide reliable information and present an impartial summary. Observational studies are epidemiologic research studies with no type of intervention or experiment.
REF: p. 328
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which of the following are reflective of food patterns? (Select all that apply.)
a.
When adjusting to a new country, problems with food patterns are almost always cultural.
b.
Foods sometimes become symbolic because of religious connotations.
c.
Food patterns are generally deeply ingrained.
d.
Dental hygienists who do not address individual patient needs are typically ineffective.
e.
Religious beliefs and food patterns infrequently coincide.
ANS: B, C, D
When individuals immigrate to a new country, problems with adjusting to new food patterns are usually economic. Foods from the country of origin, which were cheapest at “home,” may be expensive or unavailable in the new location. Religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, and food patterns coincide significantly in all cultures. Dental hygienists should learn about ethnic foods for immigrants so that they can assist in suggesting alternatives or similar foods.
REF: pp. 309-310
2. The use of food additives makes many foods more available by preventing spoilage. Which of the following are prudent considerations that a dental hygienist should convey to a patient who wishes to learn more about food additives? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Before an additive can be marketed, it must undergo strict testing.
b.
The Delaney clause regulates bisphenol A (BPA).
c.
Food additives improved nutritional value.
d.
Enrichment and fortification are nutritional nonsense terms.
e.
Food additives maintain wholesomeness, palatability, consistency, and pH of foods.
ANS: A, C, E
The Delaney clause originated in the 1950s when the Delaney committee investigated food additives. This clause prohibits the use of any food additive that is carcinogenic in humans or animals. Based on the Delaney clause, additives deemed to be harmless were labeled “generally recognized as safe.” Bisphenol A (BPA) is not a food additive, but is a substance that becomes a contaminant when used in food packaging. Food additives that provide enrichment and fortification are considered valid and nutritionally beneficial. Added nutrients help to ensure adequate intake of vitamins or mineral. For consumer protection, all added nutrients must be listed on product labels.
REF: pp. 322-323
3. Which of the following can a dental hygienist accurately convey to a patient who expresses health concerns about irradiated foods? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Irradiation does not extend the period of ripeness of fruits and vegetables.
b.
This process is also called warm pasteurization.
c.
Irradiation breaks down the DNA of harmful organisms without increasing the temperature of the food.
d.
At the low doses of radiation allowed, nutrient losses are moderate.
e.
Foods have been safely irradiated in the United States for more than 50 years.
ANS: C, E
Irradiation, safely used in the United States for more than 50 years, can extend the period of ripeness of fruits and vegetables, prolong freshness, and prevent certain foodborne illnesses. At the low doses of radiation allowed, nutrient losses are either not measurable or not significant. Food irradiation is also called cold pasteurization.
REF: pp. 319-320
4. While discussing benefits and drawbacks of organic foods, which selection can a dental hygienist convey correctly to a patient? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Experts agree that organic foods are more nutritious.
b.
Animals raised by organic producers cannot be given antibiotics to stimulate growth.
c.
Products labeled “Made with Organic Ingredients” must contain at least 70% organic ingredients.
d.
A product containing more than 5% of the Environmental Protection Agency pesticide tolerance cannot be labeled organic.
e.
Nonorganic produce is 60% more likely to have pesticides than organic fruits and vegetables.
ANS: B, C, D
Whether organic food are more nutritious than conventional foods has been a point of contention for years. Two large systematic reviews analyzing scientific literature have found no overall difference in vitamin and mineral content between foods produced using organic versus conventional methods. Note that in regard to production procedures, food manufacturers voluntarily provide information to the USDA about substances and practices, including how nonorganic and organic foods are kept separate. The USDA is responsible for inspecting the site annually and certifying the producer. Nonorganic produce is 30% more likely to have pesticides than organic fruits and vegetables.
REF: pp. 320-322
5. In addition to referring patients to ChooseMyPlate guidelines, a dental hygienist can accurately make which of the following suggestions to patients motivated to learn more about nutrition? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Use baking soda when cooking vegetables.
b.
Wash all prepackaged produce, even if package indicates it is “prewashed.”
c.
For economy, use meat substitutes such as legumes, nuts, peanut butter, and cheese several times each week.
d.
Store brands are equal in quality and taste.
e.
Avoid cross-contamination by keeping fresh produce away from uncooked meats.
ANS: B, C, D, E
Baking soda should not be used when cooking vegetables, because it is a source of sodium. Consumers often equate store brands with lesser quality. Although these products are often found on the lowest shelves and are not targeted for priority marketing, they are equal in quality and taste to well-advertised brands. Other helpful hints include buying in bulk if the food will be eaten before it spoils. For the person struggling with portion control, this might not be a good strategy. Perhaps the best nutritional and financial message to convey is the value of planning meals around seasonal foods or weekly specials.
REF: p. 329 | p. 331 | p. 332
MATCHING
With the extensive amount of current nutritional choices, dental hygienists can effectively assist patients in evaluating the many factors involved in production, marketing, purchasing, and consumption of food. Match the nutritional factor with its most appropriate description or definition.
a.
Food patterns
b.
Habit
c.
Food fad
d.
Food quackery
e.
Detoxification
f.
Colonic
g.
Chelation therapy
h.
Cortisol
1. Transformation of non–water-soluble toxins into water soluble compounds
2. Connotes inflexibility
3. Generally developed during childhood
4. Catch-all term covering beliefs about the value of nutrition
5. Promotion of nutritionally related products or services of questionable value
6. Steroid hormone released in response to stress
7. Binding and elimination of heavy metals from the body
8. Cleansing of the lower intestine
1. ANS: E REF: pp. 309-332
2. ANS: B REF: pp. 309-332
3. ANS: A REF: pp. 309-332
4. ANS: C REF: pp. 309-332
5. ANS: D REF: pp. 309-332
6. ANS: H REF: pp. 309-332
7. ANS: G REF: pp. 309-332
8. ANS: F REF: pp. 309-332
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