Health Promotion and Health Education Strategies Study Guide

Health Promotion and Health Education Strategies Study Guide

 

 

1) The population health nurse is preparing material for a group of community members about health promotion. What should the nurse state that health promotion involves?

1. Education about healthy behavior, which leads to behavioral change.
2. Behavior manipulation through transfer of knowledge.
3. Informing the client about the nature and causes of illness.
4. Enabling clients and promoting community action.

Answer:  4

Explanation:  4. Health promotion enables clients, empowers them, and promotes community action. Knowledge of healthy behavior does not lead to behavioral change. Health promotion rejects manipulation of behavior but focuses on increasing one’s capacity to act rather than be acted upon. Health education includes informing the client about the nature and causes of illness.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-1

 

2) The nurse is comparing and contrasting examples of health promotion and health education to a group of student nurses. Which topic is most appropriate to include in health education?

1. Political lobbying.
2. Raising critical consciousness.
3. Developing self-care skills.
4. Developing public policy.

Answer:  3

Explanation:  3. Health education includes development of self-care skills. Political lobbying, raising critical consciousness, and developing public policy are part of health promotion, not health education.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-2

 

3) After an outbreak of measles at a local high school the nurse encourages students who are susceptible to have the measles immunization because of the serious consequences from the disease. After educating the students on the benefits of the immunization most students decide the benefits outweigh the barriers. What model was used to guide health promotion in this situation?

1. Precaution Adoption Process model.
2. Health Belief model.
3. Pender’s Health Promotion model.
4. Theory of Reasoned Action model.

Answer:  2

Explanation:  2. The Health Belief model includes individual perceptions of susceptibility and seriousness, modifying factors, perceptions of benefits and barriers to action, and cues to action. The Precaution Adoption Process model describes the stages that occur in decisions to adopt or not adopt a health-related behavior. Pender’s Health Promotion model states that commitment to action results in actual behavior but may be modified by competing demands and preferences. The Theory of Reasoned Action model is based on the premises that attitudes to a health-related behavior reflect a person’s attitudes to the expected consequences of the behavior, and attitudes are the product of subjective norms influenced by others.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Evaluation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Analysis

Learning Outcome:  11-3

 

4) The nurse is using the premise that attitudes to a health-related behavior reflect a person’s attitudes to the expected consequences of the behavior. The nurse is using the:

1. Theory of Reasoned Action model.
2. Pender Health Promotion model.
3. Precaution Adoption Process model.
4. Health Belief model.

Answer:  1

Explanation:  1. The Theory of Reasoned Action model is based on two premises. The first premise is that attitudes to a health-related behavior reflect a person’s attitudes to the expected consequences; the second premise is that attitudes are the product of subjective norms influenced by others. Pender’s Health Promotion model directs nursing interventions for health promotion. Pender’s model describes behavior being influenced by attitudes and behavior-specific cognitions and affect that result in a commitment to action. The Precaution Adoption Process model describes the stages that occur in decisions to adopt or not adopt a health-related behavior. The Health Belief model includes individual perceptions of susceptibility and seriousness, modifying factors, perceptions of benefits and barriers to actions, and cues to action.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Analysis

Learning Outcome:  11-3

 

5) The population health nurse is using a health promotion strategy that emphasizes changing negative behaviors to benefit the patient and society. Which strategy is the nurse using?

1. Empowerment.
2. Social marketing.
3. Health education.
4. Manipulation.

Answer:  2

Explanation:  2. Social marketing is a process designed to change negative behaviors or maintain positive ones for the benefit of the individual and the society. Empowerment focuses on the environmental conditions that affect people’s abilities to act in ways that promote health. Health education provides the information and skills that are part of the strategies of empowerment and social marketing. Manipulation is not a health promotion strategy.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-5

 

6) A group of community leaders is using radio and television messages to try to educate high school students about the consequences of smoking. The social marketing “P” that the radio and television messages represent is:

1. Product.
2. Price.
3. Place.
4. Promotion.

Answer:  4

Explanation:  4. Promotion refers to the communication strategies used, which in this situation is educating students about the consequences of smoking. The product is the need or service that the target audience is being asked to adopt, in this case not smoking. Price reflects the cost of or barriers to giving up an unhealthy behavior (e.g., weight gain, not seeming “cool”). The place is the location where the product or service can be obtained (e.g., location of smoking cessation services).

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Analysis

Learning Outcome:  11-7

 

7) The population health nurse is working with community leaders to ensure that community members’ voices are heard when designing activities to promote healthy living. What action is the nurse performing?

1. Health education.
2. Empowerment.
3. Social marketing.
4. Health learning.

Answer:  2

Explanation:  2. Empowerment focuses on the environmental conditionals that affect people’s abilities to act in ways that promote health. Health education provides the information and skills that are a part of empowerment and social marketing. Social marketing emphasizes enhancing people’s motivation to act and reflects the view of personal agency. Health learning is a type of learning that is a desired result of the health education encounter.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Analysis

Learning Outcome:  11-5

 

8) The nurse is designing a health education program for the community. What action should the nurse take first?

1. Prioritize learning needs.
2. Write specific outcomes.
3. Assess the community.
4. Select teaching strategies.

Answer:  3

Explanation:  3. The health education program begins with assessing the community. Prioritizing learning needs would follow the assessment. Writing specific outcomes would follow and then teaching strategies would be selected.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-8

 

 

9) The population nurse is determining the level of health literacy for a group of community members. Which definition should the nurse use when assessing health literacy?

1. Members’ ability to use the information and services to enhance health.
2. Members’ ability to read and explain the health information.
3. Members’ ability to read, write, and interpret the health information.
4. Members’ ability to understand and act on health instructions.

Answer:  1

Explanation:  1. Health literacy is the extent to which an individual is able to obtain, process, and understand health-related information in order to make informed decisions about health issues. Reading, explaining writing, and interpreting health information will not necessarily enhance health. Understanding and acting on health instructions will not necessarily enhance health.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-4

10) The nurse is writing an evaluating tool for the use of the Internet for health-related information. What elements should the nurse include in the evaluation? (Select all that apply.)

1. Currency of information.
2. Purpose of the site.
3. Sources of financial support.
4. Owner of the site.
5. Popularity of the site.

Answer:  1, 2, 3, 4

Explanation:  1. Evaluative elements should include the currency of information, the purpose of the site, sources of financial support for the site, and the owner of the site and their reputability. Popularity of the site is not one of the evaluative elements.

2. Evaluative elements should include the currency of information, the purpose of the site, sources of financial support for the site, and the owner of the site and their reputability. Popularity of the site is not one of the evaluative elements.
3. Evaluative elements should include the currency of information, the purpose of the site, sources of financial support for the site, and the owner of the site and their reputability. Popularity of the site is not one of the evaluative elements.
4. Evaluative elements should include the currency of information, the purpose of the site, sources of financial support for the site, and the owner of the site and their reputability. Popularity of the site is not one of the evaluative elements.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need:  Safe and Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-9

 

 

11) The population nurse is evaluating a health promotion program for effectiveness. What should the nurse evaluate first?

1. The characteristics of holism were evident.
2. The cost of the program.
3. The number of people who participated in the program.
4. The extent that the program was empowering for the beneficiaries.

Answer:  4

Explanation:  4. Health promotion programs may also be evaluated in terms of the extent to which they achieve criteria of empowerment, participation, holism, intersectoral collaboration, equity, use of multiple strategies, and sustainability. First and foremost, programs should be empowering, allowing beneficiaries to assume control of the program. The other evaluative criteria of cost and numbers of participants may or may not help evaluate the effectiveness of the program.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Evaluation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-8

12) When presenting health information the population health nurse wants to create a climate where the participants do not feel threatened. Which topic and nursing action will help create this type of climate?

1. Exercise, where the nurse begins the first session with a description of the difficulties the nurse sometimes finds in trying to exercise.
2. Stress, where the nurse plays soft music throughout the first session.
3. Good nutrition, where the nurse provides a meal for the first session.
4. Diabetes, where the nurse asks a group of diabetics to talk to the class during the first session.

Answer:  1

Explanation:  1. The nurse who teaches a class about exercise, and shares his or her own personal experience, is creating a climate in which the clients do not feel threatened and in which the nurse educator is seen as a source of support rather than a threat. The other choices do not achieve this same result.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Safe and Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level:  Analysis

Learning Outcome:  11-8

 

 

13) The population health nurse new to a community wants to provide an educational seminar to assist community members with smoking cessation. What learning principles should the nurse implement when preparing this program? (Select all that apply.)

1. The readiness of community members to learn smoking cessation.
2. The safety of the environment where mistakes can be freely made.
3. The types of activities to support multi-sensory needs when learning.
4. The cost to the community budget and community members to attend the program.
5. The accountability of the nurse and community members to achieve learning outcomes.

Answer:  1, 2, 3, 5

Explanation:  1. Principles of learning have been identified that apply to health education. The first general principle is that effective teaching and learning is based on a need to know and should be preceded by an assessment of learning needs. The learning assessment should also include an evaluation of readiness to learn. Learning should occur in a “safe” environment in which the learner is free to make mistakes and to learn from them. Learners need to be actively engaged in the learning process, as learning depends on some form of neural activity: seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, thinking, and physical or motor activity, or some other kind of activity. An overarching principle of learning is one of accountability in which both teachers and learners are accountable for achievement of the desired learning outcomes. Cost is not a principle of learning.

2. Principles of learning have been identified that apply to health education. The first general principle is that effective teaching and learning is based on a need to know and should be preceded by an assessment of learning needs. The learning assessment should also include an evaluation of readiness to learn. Learning should occur in a “safe” environment in which the learner is free to make mistakes and to learn from them. Learners need to be actively engaged in the learning process, as learning depends on some form of neural activity: seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, thinking, and physical or motor activity, or some other kind of activity. An overarching principle of learning is one of accountability in which both teachers and learners are accountable for achievement of the desired learning outcomes. Cost is not a principle of learning.
3. Principles of learning have been identified that apply to health education. The first general principle is that effective teaching and learning is based on a need to know and should be preceded by an assessment of learning needs. The learning assessment should also include an evaluation of readiness to learn. Learning should occur in a “safe” environment in which the learner is free to make mistakes and to learn from them. Learners need to be actively engaged in the learning process, as learning depends on some form of neural activity: seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, thinking, and physical or motor activity, or some other kind of activity. An overarching principle of learning is one of accountability in which both teachers and learners are accountable for achievement of the desired learning outcomes. Cost is not a principle of learning.
4. Principles of learning have been identified that apply to health education. The first general principle is that effective teaching and learning is based on a need to know and should be preceded by an assessment of learning needs. The learning assessment should also include an evaluation of readiness to learn. Learning should occur in a “safe” environment in which the learner is free to make mistakes and to learn from them. Learners need to be actively engaged in the learning process, as learning depends on some form of neural activity: seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, thinking, and physical or motor activity, or some other kind of activity. An overarching principle of learning is one of accountability in which both teachers and learners are accountable for achievement of the desired learning outcomes. Cost is not a principle of learning.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-6

14) The nurse is preparing an educational session for community members on bicycle safety. What strategies should the nurse keep in mind when preparing written materials for the presentation? (Select all that apply.)

1. Place material in bullet points.
2. Use a large type font with printed materials.
3. Avoid professional jargon and use simple terms with one or two syllables.
4. Place all written material on one sheet, limiting the amount of white space.
5. Write at a grade level 1 to 2 grades below the highest educational level of the participants.

Answer:  1, 2, 3, 5

Explanation:  1. When delivering content the nurse should bullet important information when possible. A large type font should be used. Materials should be developed at grade levels one to two grades below the highest grade completed in school and should employ short sentences and simple, one- and two-syllable words. Messages should avoid professional jargon. Written materials should have ample white space to prevent readers from being overwhelmed by content.

2. When delivering content the nurse should bullet important information when possible. A large type font should be used. Materials should be developed at grade levels one to two grades below the highest grade completed in school and should employ short sentences and simple, one- and two-syllable words. Messages should avoid professional jargon. Written materials should have ample white space to prevent readers from being overwhelmed by content.
3. When delivering content the nurse should bullet important information when possible. A large type font should be used. Materials should be developed at grade levels one to two grades below the highest grade completed in school and should employ short sentences and simple, one- and two-syllable words. Messages should avoid professional jargon. Written materials should have ample white space to prevent readers from being overwhelmed by content.
4. When delivering content the nurse should bullet important information when possible. A large type font should be used. Materials should be developed at grade levels one to two grades below the highest grade completed in school and should employ short sentences and simple, one- and two-syllable words. Messages should avoid professional jargon. Written materials should have ample white space to prevent readers from being overwhelmed by content.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-6

 

 

15) The population health nurse is working with a group of hospital administrators to create a health education program to address obesity in the adolescent population. Which questions should the nurse have answered when designing the social marketing for this program? (Select all that apply.)

1. When should the program be provided to the adolescents?
2. Where should the program be provided to the adolescents?
3. Does the hospital have the resources to provide the program?
4. How many computers are available for the adolescents to use?
5. What follow-up is needed after the program to reinforce behaviors?

Answer:  1, 2, 3, 5

Explanation:  1. Strategic questions when designing social marketing include “What is the best time and place to reach the target audience?” Another question to be answered is “Do we have the resources needed for the interventions?” The last question that needs to be answered addresses follow-up. This question would be “How can we integrate a series of interventions to act, over time, in an integrated fashion, to influence the behavior?” Social marketing design does not focus on the number of computers for participant use.

2. Strategic questions when designing social marketing include “What is the best time and place to reach the target audience?” Another question to be answered is “Do we have the resources needed for the interventions?” The last question that needs to be answered addresses follow-up. This question would be “How can we integrate a series of interventions to act, over time, in an integrated fashion, to influence the behavior?” Social marketing design does not focus on the number of computers for participant use.
3. Strategic questions when designing social marketing include “What is the best time and place to reach the target audience?” Another question to be answered is “Do we have the resources needed for the interventions?” The last question that needs to be answered addresses follow-up. This question would be “How can we integrate a series of interventions to act, over time, in an integrated fashion, to influence the behavior?” Social marketing design does not focus on the number of computers for participant use.
4. Strategic questions when designing social marketing include “What is the best time and place to reach the target audience?” Another question to be answered is “Do we have the resources needed for the interventions?” The last question that needs to be answered addresses follow-up. This question would be “How can we integrate a series of interventions to act, over time, in an integrated fashion, to influence the behavior?” Social marketing design does not focus on the number of computers for participant use.

Nursing/Int.Conc:  Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need:  Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level:  Application

Learning Outcome:  11-7