Is Justice for All Possible?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

     1.   The fact that “someone will always be unhappy” with decisions made concerning social or legal issues means

a.
it is impossible to attain a just state.
b.
we may need to determine just policies on grounds other than happiness.
c.
justice has nothing to do with happiness.
d.
humans are not, at heart, social creatures.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 228

     2.   The globalization of capitalism has been criticized as unjust because

a.
history has shown that this movement has no benefits.
b.
for globalization to succeed, the rich must be taxed heavily to support the poor.
c.
it seems connected to increased economic disparities.
d.
some countries will never support capitalism.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 229

     3.   Social and political philosophers try to

a.
clarify the nature of the just state.
b.
connect social policy to religious aspirations.
c.
ensure that no policy offends a member of a society.
d.
argue for policies that make moral sense.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 229

     4.   Institutional racism, unlike individual racism,

a.
is usually directed toward African Americans.
b.
is consistent with the formal principle of justice.
c.
is not consistent with actual hatred of members of another race.
d.
need not involve the presence of negative attitudes toward members of another race.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 229

     5.   Refusing to start a business with a person of another race because you don’t think members of that racial group are honest is an example of

a.
individual racism.
b.
institutional racism.
c.
common sense.
d.
a personal preference.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 229

     6.   If hooks’ thesis is correct, then

a.
white women are as effective as white men in perpetrating white racial imperialism.
b.
black women can be assured that white women will be committed to eradicating racial imperialism.
c.
racism in America is clearly understood by other liberating movements such as feminism.
d.
racism in America is perpetrated through liberating movements such as feminism.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 231

     7.   According to hooks, Sojourner Truth challenged the view that

a.
African women could not be delicate as well as strong.
b.
women could not be mothers as well as workers.
c.
women could not be as sexist as men.
d.
African women were important to the feminist movement.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 233

     8.   According to hooks, an authentic feminist is one who

a.
opposes all forms of domination and oppression.
b.
opposes all forms of sexist domination.
c.
recognizes the extra burdens that black people have borne in American history.
d.
is committed to balancing economic expansion and racial imperialism.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 234

     9.   According to Cornel West, the fundamental crisis in black America is due to

a.
too much government assistance.
b.
too much illegitimacy.
c.
too much liberal bias.
d.
too much poverty and too little self-respect.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 234

   10.   According to West, the quest for black identity requires

a.
a college education for everyone.
b.
self-respect and self-regard.
c.
religious belief.
d.
monetary compensation for slavery.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 236

   11.   West claims that every historic effort to forge a democratic project has been undermined by two fundamental realities:

a.
disillusion and rejection.
b.
fear and loathing.
c.
poverty and paranoia.
d.
hopelessness and boredom.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 236

   12.   Patriarchy is

a.
the rule of the father over the son.
b.
an enforced belief in male dominance and control.
c.
almost non-existent in the United States.
d.
the rule of the father over the mother.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 238

   13.   According to Pharr, what is one great controller in racism and sexism?

a.
the police
b.
the government
c.
economics
d.
religion

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 238

   14.   Which of the following is not an “underappreciated fact” about illegal migrant workers according to Williams?

a.
American companies recruit illegal migrant workers
b.
Illegal migrant workers actually make the same amount of money as American workers.
c.
Illegal migrant workers have contribute to American economic expansion.
d.
Illegal migrant workers suffer from economic poverty in their own countries.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 244

   15.   According to Stephen Kershnar’s thought experiment, immigrants

a.
bring positive contributions to the institutions that they join.
b.
are both a partial burden and partial boon to the original members of an institution
c.
are just a small minority of any institution
d.
should not be allowed into an institution without the consent of the original members.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 248

   16.   Which of the following statements is not one that Williams gives as a possible objection to his argument

a.
Giving legal residency to illegal immigrants implies that their spouses and children should also be given legal residency.
b.
Giving legal residency to illegal immigrants implies that we should also give legal residency to foreign workers in sweatshops.
c.
Giving legal residency to illegal immigrants implies that the only relevant consideration for residency is economic contributions.
d.
Giving legal residency to illegal immigrants implies that American companies will stop recruiting illegal workers in poor countries.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 249-252

   17.   According to Singer, which of the following facts could be used to criticize the idea that political leaders should take the interests of others, besides their citizens, into consideration?

a.
All countries have similar resources.
b.
Feudalism could return.
c.
Leaders have a special duty to protect their citizens’ interest.
d.
Terrorists want a world government.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 256

   18.   Singer compares the events of September 11, 2001 to

a.
the assassination of Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand.
b.
the Rwandan genocide.
c.
the Holocaust.
d.
the decline and fall of the Roman empire.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 256

   19.   According to Singer, our thinking about global ethics continues to be dominated by

a.
the existence of the Cold War.
b.
the existence of the nation-state.
c.
the World Trade Organization.
d.
international labor unions.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 258

   20.   Singer argues that a major problem with the work of Rawls is that

a.
it is only concerned with justice within a society.
b.
it does not consider environmental issues.
c.
it uses Marxism as the basis for a just society.
d.
it prescribes higher taxes.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 258

   21.   According to Singer, globalization may lead to

a.
tremendous material wealth for all.
b.
the creation of a new ethic that serves the interests of all who live on the planet.
c.
the creation of more nation-states.
d.
the United Nations becoming a world government.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 260

   22.   For Bar On, the defining characteristic of terrorism is

a.
the indifference to human suffering of its practitioners.
b.
its similarity to torture.
c.
its use of a bad means to a good end.
d.
its use of terror to an end other than itself.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 262

   23.   For Bar On, “freedom fighters” cannot be distinguished from “terrorists” because

a.
both have difficulty morally justifying their causes.
b.
both enjoy the suffering of their victims.
c.
the goals of their actions cannot be used to distinguish between the morality of those actions.
d.
the means both use to achieve their goals necessarily involve violating the rights of others.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 263

   24.   A main point of Bar On’s discussion of how a prostitute is “seasoned” is to

a.
provide analogical insight into the processes through which fearful people are created.
b.
remind us that women are terrorized every day.
c.
argue that prostitution, like terrorism, is a practice that must be challenged by compassionate people.
d.
suggest that, unlike seasoning, the ends of terrorism sometimes justify the means.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 264

   25.   According to Bar On, the fact that terrorists do not confine and isolate their victims

a.
shows that terrorism is not really as bad as torture or “seasoning.”
b.
explains why people can resist the numbing fear they try to create in their victims.
c.
undermines the comparison of terrorism to torture and “seasoning.”
d.
does not mean that confinement and isolation is not a product of their actions.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 266

   26.   Bar On questions the belief that terrorism is morally problematic because it is coercive, on the grounds that

a.
not all practices involving coercion can be classified as morally problematic.
b.
coercion is a common tactic in matters of state, if not in moral matters.
c.
terrorist victims don’t typically identify coercion as morally problematic to themselves.
d.
such an argument makes it impossible to distinguish between terrorism and prostitution.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 266

   27.   Cruelty involves a disposition to

a.
isolate an innocent person.
b.
enjoy the suffering of others.
c.
inflict or increase suffering in others.
d.
ignore the wishes of others.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 267

   28.   Bar On’s focus on the cruelty of terrorism is related to her conviction that

a.
a feminist ethic of care is generally superior to a Kantian ethic of justice.
b.
the human cost of terrorism must be a central concern in its moral assessment.
c.
terrorism violates the Kantian imperative to treat others as ends in themselves.
d.
the “just war” tradition does not address balancing the advantages of force against the material destruction such force might create.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 267

   29.   As a cruelly formative process, terrorism produces

a.
both fearful victims and indifferent victimizers.
b.
victims who are both fearful of and indifferent to the needs of the terrorist.
c.
political systems designed to help victims ignore their desires to protect themselves.
d.
in everyone a firm determination to avoid the need for cruelty in the future.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 267

   30.   According to Bar On, as a central characteristic of an ideal community,

a.
people strictly adhere to the moral ideal of respecting the rights of others.
b.
community members are quick to help others avoid feeling fear.
c.
justice is coupled with concrete expressions of empathy for others.
d.
everyone is equally concerned with the long-term economic health of the community.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 269

   31.   Critical theory differs from “traditional theory” because

a.
it is interested only in the way terrorism is defined.
b.
it only considers abstract ideas and universal principles.
c.
it encourages people to think critically, as opposed to thinking traditionally.
d.
it develops ideas in order to free people from repressive social and economic conditions.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 271

   32.   Terrorism after September 11, 2001, has a new quality because

a.
the U.S. was targeted for the first time.
b.
Bush declared a “war on terror” after the attacks.
c.
of the symbolic force of the attacks.
d.
it increased the number of terrorist attacks.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 274

   33.   Nations under threat of terrorism may overreact because

a.
nations may not have the capability of knowing what is and is not an overreaction.
b.
they see threats in the wrong places.
c.
they do not know whether they can trust other nations.
d.
they have too many resources tied up in the military.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 274

   34.   Global terrorism, as compared to other kinds of terrorism,

a.
revolves around murder and the indiscriminate annihilation of enemies.
b.
will probably defeat the United States.
c.
is an impotent move against an enemy that cannot be defeated.
d.
will likely lead to nuclear war.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 275

   35.   Hardin defines a technical solution as one that

a.
requires a change in human values
b.
requires a change in the techniques of the natural sciences
c.
requires a change in ideas of morality
d.
requires a change in economic priorities.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 278

   36.   Which of the following statements is NOT a reason why an unlimited population cannot produce the “greatest happiness for the greatest number”?

a.
Both unlimited population and unlimited happiness cannot be maximized
b.
Humans need energy to maintain themselves and for enjoyment, but an unlimited number of people would compromise the energy available for enjoyment.
c.
An unlimited population would need unlimited resources and earth is finite.
d.
An unlimited population growth would require technological solutions that we have not yet invented.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 279

   37.   The point of “the tragedy of the commons” according to Hardin is that:

a.
Rational beings will always choose for the good of all.
b.
Although overpopulating an ecosystem happened in the past, humans have learned from their mistakes and it is no longer a problem.
c.
Cows will not bring a sufficient amount of income to a cooperative farming venture and humans ought to fish instead since the resources of the oceans are inexhaustible.
d.
Common land continues to be abused because of the conflict between private gains and shared, public resources.

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 281

   38.   Hardin argues that to prevent freedom from breeding we should

a.
Agree on mutual coercion
b.
Dismantle the welfare state.
c.
Appeal to conscience.
d.
Make all property private and have no commons.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 283-286

   39.   According to Regan, someone who favors animal rights believes in

a.
only using animals in science to save human lives.
b.
eliminating commercial hunting and trapping.
c.
only raising animals for food in humane conditions.
d.
only using animals in scientific experiments if it does not cause suffering for the animals.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 289

   40.   For Regan, the fundamental wrong of the present system towards animals is that

a.
it allows us to view animals as our resources.
b.
it doesn’t protect wild animals.
c.
it doesn’t protect animals form exploitation.
d.
it fails to value human life more than animal life.

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 289

   41.   Moral contractarians believe that we have

a.
direct duties to animals.
b.
no duties to animals.
c.
indirect duties to animals.
d.
total duties to animals.

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 290

   42.   According to Regan which of the following offers the best way to ground our duties to animals?

a.
contractarianism
b.
utilitarianism
c.
virtue theory
d.
rights theory

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 293

   43.   According to Regan, why should we view animals as having rights?

a.
They can suffer.
b.
They are experiencing subjects with equal rights to life.
c.
They are cute.
d.
It is in our self-interest.

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 294

TRUE/FALSE

     1.   Regan believes that animals can still be used in laboratory experiments.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 291

     2.   Affirmative action policies have been defended on the grounds of compensatory justice.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 228-229

     3.   In the view of social and political philosophy, the renewal of terrorist activities means that any serious consideration of problems of social justice must be deferred until terrorism has been eliminated.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 229

     4.   Cornel West believes that the time has come to do away with affirmative action programs.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 235

     5.   Pharr claims that the threat of violence plays little role in keeping women under the domination of men.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 239

     6.   Williams believes that even illegal migrant laborers who have committed serious crimes should be granted permanent residency in the U.S.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 244

     7.   Williams believes that there are no objections that anyone could make to granting permanent residency to illegal migrant laborers.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 249-252

     8.   Singer argues that each nation’s leader should solely seek to advance the interests of his or her citizens.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 255

     9.   According to Singer, terrorism has made the world even more divided.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 256-257

   10.   Thomas Friedman claims that the most basic truth about globalization is that “no one is in charge.”

a. True

b. False

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 259

   11.   Bat-Ami Bar On’s thesis is that what is morally problematic about terrorism is that it produces people who are psychologically and morally diminished and it is, therefore, cruel.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 261

   12.   According to Bat-Ami Bar On’s definition of terrorism, a random attack on a school by a psychotic person may be characterized as a terroristic act.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 262-263

   13.   Habermas supports the “war against terrorism.”

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 276

   14.   Hardin believes that a technical solution can be found to resolve problems associated with overpopulation.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 279

   15.   Hardin believes that the morality of an act is determined by the context.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 282-283

   16.   Regan believes that the best way to approach animal rights is through the concept of indirect duties.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 290

   17.   Regan argues that contractarianism leaves too many people (and animals) out of the moral picture.

a. True

b. False

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   p. 290