Multiple Choice
10.1 Information concerning the racial and ethnic trends in victimization for juveniles is:
a. scarce. c. inaccurate.
b. plentiful. d. Answers b and c are correct.
ANS: A
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.2 The NCVS defines juvenile as youth aged:
a. 12 to 18. c. 10 to 18.
b. 12 to 17. d. 10 to 17.
ANS: B
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.3 The juvenile justice system was designed to be more concerned about rehabilitation than:
a. punishment. c. deterrence.
b. retribution. d. incapacitation
ANS: B
REF: 461
LO: 3
10.4 The number of juveniles arrested declined _____ percent between 1994 and 2003.
a. 75 c. 18
b. 100 d. 32
ANS: C
REF: 475
LO: 1
10.5 The number of juveniles arrested increased _____ percent between 1985 and 1994.
a. 75 c. 18
b. 100 d. 32
ANS: B
REF: 475
LO: 1
10.6 Among __________, juvenile property crime victimization rates do not vary significantly from adult victimization rates.
a. African Americans c. Native Americans
b. Hispanics d. whites
ANS: B
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.7 The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention report “Juvenile Victims of Property Crime,” stated that ________ juveniles had been the victim of a property crime.
a. one of every eight c. one of every six
b. two of every eight d. two of every seven
ANS: C
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.8 In general, __________ crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than for older age groups.
a. violent c. sexual
b. property d. all
ANS: D
REF: 446
LO: 1
10.9 Data on __________ victimization rates broken down by age, gender, and race reveal that young African American males are particularly at risk.
a. violent c. sexual
b. property d. all
ANS: A
REF: 446
LO: 1
10.10 Data on homicide offenders reveal that roughly _____ percent of all homicides are committed by offenders known to the victim.
a. 65 c. 50
b. 35 d. 77
ANS: C
REF: 454
LO: 1
10.11 Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae, it allows for more __________ than the adult system.
a. formality c. retribution
b. incapacitation d. discretion
ANS: D
REF: 461
LO: 1
10.12 Data on homicide offenders reveal that offending peaks at around age:
a. 18. c. 21.
b. 19. d. 23.
ANS: A
REF: 454
LO: 1
10.13 Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae, it is less __________ than the adult system.
a. formal c. compassionate
b. flexible d. discretionary
ANS: A
REF: 461
LO: 19
10.14 The small racial differences in outcomes at the initial stages of the process that accumulate and become more pronounced as minority youths are processed further into the juvenile justice system are known as:
a. transitional probability c. transitional risk
b. compound probability d. compound risk
ANS: D
REF: 464
LO: 3
10.15 The proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that reached each stage in the juvenile justice process is called:
a. transitional probability c. transitional risk
b. compound probability d. compound risk
ANS: B
REF: 465
LO: 3
10.16 The calculated likelihood that a youth at one stage in the juvenile justice process would reach the next stage is called:
a. transitional probability c. transitional risk
b. compound probability d. compound risk
ANS: A
REF: 465
LO: 3
10.17 Juvenile arrests for violent crimes increased _____ percent between 1985 and 1994.
a. 75 c. 18
b. 100 d. 32
ANS: A
REF: 475
LO: 1
10.18 Juvenile arrests for violent crimes declined _____ percent between 1994 and 2003.
a. 75 c. 18
b. 100 d. 32
ANS: D
REF: 475
LO: 1
10.19 In the late 1980s, __________ became the first state to create a computerized database of suspected gang members.
a. Texas c. California
b. New Jersey d. Florida
ANS: C
REF: 458
LO: 2
10.20 The United States Supreme Court ruled in __________ that hearings determining whether juvenile cases will be heard in adult court must measure up to “the essentials of due process and fair treatment.”
a. Kent v. United States (1966) c. In re Winship (1970)
b. In re Gault (1967) d. Breed v. Jones (1975)
ANS: A
REF: 476
LO: 1
10.21 When taking characteristics of youth’s family and community into account racial and ethnic differences in risk for violent victimization:
a. increase c. stay the same
b. decrease d. disappear
ANS: D
REF: 448
LO: 2
10.22 The authors argue that one of the main reasons that youth of color have disproportionate contact with the police is:
a. the amount of time spent outside c. their violent tendency
b. systematic racism d. disparity in treatment
ANS: A
REF: 457
LO: 2
10.23 Criteria for inclusion in gang databases are:
a. clear c. vague
b. too strict d. consistent
ANS: C
REF: 459
LO: 2
10.24 While the development of the juvenile justice system is often seen as a “child savers” movement, Platt argues that it also developed with a strong emphasis on:
a. social control c. education
b. rehabilitation d. morality
ANS: A
REF: 461
LO: 3
10.25 Since 1988, the ________________has required states to determine whether the proportion of people of color in confinement exceeds their proportion of the population. If there is disproportionate minority confinement, the state must develop and implement policies to reduce it.
- Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
- Supreme Court
- Juvenile Justice Equity Act
- Department of Justice
ANS: A
REF: 462
LO: 1
True/False
10.26 The NCVS defines juvenile as youth aged 12 to 17.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.27 Information concerning racial and ethnic trends in victimization for juveniles is scarce.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.28 In general, violent crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than for older age groups.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 446
LO: 1
10.29 The number of juveniles arrested increased 100 percent between 1985 and 1994.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 475
LO: 1
10.30 Data on homicide offenders reveal that offending peaks at age 21.
a. True b. False
ANS: B
REF: 454
LO: 1
10.31 Compound probability is a measure calculated based on the proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that reached each stage in the juvenile justice process.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 465
LO: 3
10.32 The calculated likelihood that a youth at one stage in the juvenile justice process would reach the next stage is called transitional risk.
a. True b. False
ANS: B
REF: 465
LO: 3
10.33 In the late 1980s, California became the first state to create a computerized database of suspected gang members.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 458
LO: 2
10.34 The United States Supreme Court ruled in Kent v. United States (1966) that hearings to determine whether juvenile cases may be moved to adult court must measure up to “the essentials of due process and fair treatment.”
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 476
LO: 1
10.35 Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae, it is more discretionary than the adult system.
a. True b. False
ANS: A
REF: 461
LO: 3
Fill-In
10.36 Among __________, juvenile property crime victimization rates do not vary significantly from adult victimization rates.
ANS: Hispanics
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.37 In general, __________ crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than for older age groups.
ANS: violent
REF: 446
LO: 1
10.38 Data on __________ victimization rates broken down by age, gender, and race reveal that young African American males are particularly at risk.
ANS: violent
REF: 446
LO: 1
10.39 Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae, it is more __________ than the adult system.
ANS: discretionary
REF: 461
LO: 3
10.40 The calculation of the proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that reached each stage in the juvenile justice process is called __________ probability.
ANS: compound
REF: 465
LO: 1
10.41 Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae, it is less __________ than the adult system.
ANS: formal
REF: 461
LO: 3
10.42 The small racial differences in outcomes at the initial stages of the process that accumulate and become more pronounced as minority youths are processed further into the juvenile justice system are known as __________.
ANS: compound risk
REF: 464
LO: 3
10.43 The calculated likelihood that a youth at one stage in the juvenile justice process would reach the next stage is called __________ probability.
ANS: transitional
REF: 465
LO: 3
10.44 In the late 1980s, __________ became the first state to create a computerized database of suspected gang members.
ANS: California
REF: 458
LO: 2
10.45 Juvenile arrests increased _____ percent between 1985 and 1994.
ANS: 100
REF: 475
LO: 1
Essay
10.46 Explain why, according to Jody Miller’s Getting Played, the social contexts in which African American girls live seem to produce such high levels of violent and sexual victimization. What could policymakers do to change the situation?
ANS:
REF: 449
LO: 3
10.47 Outline the disparities in property crime victimization among juveniles and explain why these differences occur.
ANS:
REF: 445
LO: 1
10.48 What does the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Kent v. United States (1966) require of the juvenile justice system? Outline the impact of the case in terms of case processing outcomes as well as racial disparities.
ANS:
REF: 476
LO: 1
10.49 Evaluate the competing arguments for and against the police use of gang databases.
ANS:
REF: 458
LO: 2
10.50 Discuss the controversy surrounding the transfer of juveniles to adult court. Be sure to present evidence about the consequences of such transfers.
ANS:
REF: 475
LO: 3
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