PUB 560 GCU Prevalence of Zoonotic or Vector Borne Diseases Research

Identify a zoonotic or vector-borne disease prevalent in a specific region of a developed or developing country. Complete a two-part informative assignment that includes both an illustrated and written component discussing the incidence and response to the disease.

Part I

Illustrate the following for the identified zoonotic or vector-borne disease:

Create a diagram or flowchart: Describe the chain of infection (agent, host, and environment). Include the reservoir, routes of exposure, disease transmission. Illustrate the symptoms and identify susceptible populations.
Identify one or more surveillance reports using the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) or National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) resources and discuss the methods used in data collection. Use a table or graph to present data from the report. Summarize the information of the report, including the burden of the disease and the morbidity and mortality rates in the region.

Part II

In a 500-750 word paper, evaluate the incidence and response to the identified zoonotic or vector-borne disease.

Describe public health interventions used to treat or prevent the disease.
Using One Health as at least one reference, discuss predictions for the future spread of the disease and how it will impact human, animal, and ecosystem health in this region.
Propose strategies for containment and prevention. Discuss the necessary agencies and stakeholders important to addressing the issue.

You are required to cite to three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

Zoonotic or Vector- borne disease

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Date

Part I

Chain of Infection

Host (Human)

Exposure

Agent (Vector) Environmental

Exposure

Describe the Chai of Infection

The agent: The agent in the malaria infection chain is a protozoan called Plasmodium malaria. A host is any person infected by Plasmodium malaria. The person can be an adult or a child. The environment is the particular surrounding where the reservoir is found. The reservoir describes the specific places where the pathogen lives between outbreaks. The reservoir for plasmodium malaria can be an environmental setting, a living organism, such as a human being, and stagnant water (Pavlovic et al., 2019). Routes of exposure for the pathogen is the human skin, where the agent transmits blood from one host to the other.The transmission describes the movement of the pathogen for the pathogen from one host to the other. The transmission of the malaria pathogens requires living vectors,which are female anopheles mosquitoes. An infectious vector may travel from a reservoir to a susceptible host. The Vector transmits the pathogen through bites on the skin, which are the portals of entry. Therefore, the pathogen is indirectly transmitted by blood. Susceptible hosts describepeople who are highly affected. They include people with weak immunity, such as children and elderly people.

Symptoms for malaria

Malaria is a prevalent disease in Kenya’s Western region that accounts for many deaths every year. The symptoms of malaria include high fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, and fatigue. The most susceptible populations in the region are babies under five years and adults with weakened immunity, such as people with HIV/ AIDS.

The current malaria morbidity and mortality in different transmission settings in Western Kenya

Methods of data collection

Different techniques were used to collect data for the report. They include monthly reports from January 2014 to May the following year and between June 2015 and August 2016, questionnaires and surveys. Surveys and pretest questionnaires were used to collect data concerning the ownership of LLINs ownership. 294, 320, and 327 households were surveyed representing Marani, Iguhu, and Kombewa.

A table presenting data for positivity rate, morbidity rate, and mortality rate in three regions of Western Kenya

Mayani
Iguhu
Kombewa
Blood slides
1972
2430
1759
Malaria positivity rate
26.7%
24.9%
29.9%
Morbidity rate
in all age groups
62.7%
48.59%
36.9%
The mortality ratein all age groups
11/1000
10/1000
52/1000

Summary of the report

The above report shows that Kombewa had the highest rate of positivity cases among the three regions with a percentage of 29. 9%. Among the positive cases, the majority werechildren between the age of 5 and 14. However, malaria morbidity was highest in Mayani, of which all the hospital admissions, malaria accounted for 62. 7% of the cases. Kombewa had the highest malaria mortality rate accounting for 52 deaths out of 1000 people in all age groups. The report shows that malaria was a top cause of disability-adjusted life years and a disease burden in the three regions between 2015 and 2016.

Part 11. Describe the public health interventions used to treat the disease.

The statistics showing the morbidity and mortality rate in Kenya’s Western region have been alarming in the past years. The region is a high burden, and the prevalence rate is around 27%. The statistics have been worrying, calling for public healthinterventions. Some of the significant interventions include collaboration with stakeholders, including the community, in eliminating the disease through preventive measures. In early 2006, there was a limitation on the number of people receiving treated mosquito nets, where only pregnant women and children below five years were considered. However, by 2011, the mosquito nets’ distribution had increased, covering about 99% of people residing in the region (Kapesa et al., 2018). The public health also intervened and supplied pregnant women with preventive antimalarial medications. There has been continued coverage of the preventive measures through the media to enlighten people living in low transmission regions on how to limit themselves form exposures.

There were broadcasts and discussion on malaria symptoms over the media, where people were advised toseek medical interventions once they identify them. Public health officials have been visiting different institutions in the regions campaigning against the disease. The institutions include academic, corporate, and religious institutions where they hold brief meetings with the members discussing the issue (Kapesa et al., 2018). The officials also demonstrate how to use the net and explain various preventive measures, including draining stagnant water and clearing bushes, which are the most common reservoirs for the Vector.

Using One health as a reference, discuss predictions for the future spread of the disease and how it will impact human, animal, and ecosystem health in the region.

According to One health reports, there is likely to be a decrease in the spread of malaria in the Western Kenya region in the future (Agyepong et al., 2017). The change will be attributed to the change in temperature caused by development in land use. Significant land developments in the region include deforestation, causing less vegetation cover for agriculture and industrial use. The deforestation developments are likely to interfere with the breeding ground for the vectors causing malaria. The future extensive land cover will cause a surge in surface temperatures, which will be unbearable for the vectors to survive. Therefore, the overall spread of malaria transmission is likely to fall because of the climatic changes.

However, the region’s economic and agricultural development will negatively impact humans, animals, and the ecosystem (Agyepong et al., 2017). The clearance of land will destroy the natural habitat for many varieties of animals and birds. It will also negatively affect human beings, considering it will cause desertification, flooding, and soil erosion. The ecosystem will be negatively impacted because of the soil’s destruction, such as burning, chemicals, and soil erosion.

Propose strategies for containment and prevention

Several strategies can be used to contain and prevent the spread of the disease. They include treating mosquito nets, clearing bushes near the dwelling places, and draining stagnant waters. The health sectors in countries where the disease is prevalent should consider pregnant women and children under the age of five years a priority by ensuring they are well protected. The government should enlighten its citizen about the disease, including the signs and symptoms, the risk factor of thedisease, and the prevention measures. The issue is a topic of discussion for various agencies, stakeholders, and agencies. The agencies include government and non-governmental agencies, while the stakeholders include the community, academic institutions, business institutions, and religious institutions.

References

Agyepong, I. A., Sewankambo, N., Binagwaho, A., Coll-Seck, A. M., Corrah, T., Ezeh, A., … & Mayosi, B. (2017). The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet, 390(10114), 2803-2859.

Kapesa, A., Kweka, E. J., Atieli, H., Afrane, Y. A., Kamugisha, E., Lee, M. C., … & Yan, G. (2018). The current malaria morbidity and mortality in different transmission settings in Western Kenya. PloS one, 13(8), e0202031.

Pavlovic, N. V., Randell, T., Madeira, T., Hsu, S., Zinoviev, R., & Abshire, M. (2019). Risk of left ventricular assist device driveline infection: a systematic literature review. Heart & Lung, 48(2), 90-104.

Samuels, A. M., Odero, N. A., Odongo, W., Otieno, K., Were, V., Shi, Y. P., … & Kachur, S. P. (2020). Impact of community-based mass testing and treatment on malaria infection prevalence in a high transmission area of western Kenya: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases.