The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Multiple Choice

4.1 The term “Rodney King” became shorthand for all police abuse after the LAPD savagely beat an African American man in _____:

a. 1991 c. 2001

b. 1997 d. 1981

ANS: A

REF: 130

LO: 1

4.2 In a 2010 report on The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008, David Bayley and Christine Nixon list the issues of __________ and “Racial discrimination” as among the six challenges facing American policing.

a. representation c. community policing

b. multiculturalism d. new immigrants, both legal and illegal

ANS: D

REF: 131

LO: 1

4.3 The so-called __________ in Los Angeles in 1943 involved attacks on Hispanic men by police and by white Navy personnel on shore leave.

a. Gringo Justice c. Zoot Suit Riot

b. Pickers’ Holiday d. immigrant uprising

ANS: C

REF: 134

LO: 1

4.4 The changing demographic face of the United States because of __________ presents a special challenge for the police.

a. immigration c. disparate birth rates

b. the aging of the Baby Boomers d. Answers a, b and c are correct.

ANS: A

REF: 134

LO: 1

4.5 The vast majority of all Americans express __________ the police.

a. confidence in c. very little confidence in

b. mistrust of d. no confidence in

ANS: A

REF: 136

LO: 1

4.6 African Americans consistently report believing that police treat African Americans:

a. fairly c. courteously

b. unfairly d. rudely

ANS: B

REF: 137

LO: 1

4.7 The public opinion data __________ the popular image of total hostility between the police and minorities.

a. seem to support c. validate

b. contradict d. unequivocally disprove

ANS: B

REF: 137

LO: 2

4.8 There have been ___ major eras of riots related to police abuse.

a. 1 c. 7

b. 5 d. 3

ANS: D

REF: 134

LO: 1

4.9 Highly publicized controversial incidents have a __________ effect on public attitudes.

a. minimal c. short-term

b. pronounced d. long-term

ANS: C

REF: 137

LO: 1

4.10 Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a factor that helps explain the patterns of interactions between Hispanics and the police?

a. Hispanics’ fear of exposure to investigation regarding immigration status.

b. Hispanics’ view that intervention by an “outsider” threatens the family’s integrity.

c. Hispanics’ unwillingness to oppose criminal elements within their communities who do not want a police presence in the neighborhoods.

d. Hispanics who do not speak English have difficulty communicating with police.

ANS: C

REF: 140

LO: 1

4.11 There are more than _____ federally recognized Native American tribes in the U.S.

a. 200 c. 425

b. 330 d. 500

ANS: D

REF: 141

LO: 1

4.12 There are approximately _____ separate Native American law enforcement agencies in the U.S.

a. 200 c. 425

b. 330 d. 500

ANS: A

REF: 141

LO: 1

4.13 Which of the following does NOT determine a Native American tribal police agency’s jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction in a specific case?

a. where the crime was committed c. what crime was committed

b. who committed the crime d. tribal affiliation of the victim

ANS: D

REF: 141

LO: 1

4.14 The COPS report identified several promising practices designed to improve relations between the police and new immigrant communities. One is _________.

a. to create a complaints box in the station.

b. to create a website for police officer profiles.

c. to focus all efforts on deportation.

d. to create a specialized unit for immigrant communities.

ANS: D

REF: 135

LO: 5

4.15 Arab Americans comprise about _____ percent of the U.S. population.

a. two c. four

b. three d. five

ANS: A

REF: 142

LO: 1

4.16 The fleeing felon rule was held unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in:

a. Tennessee v. Gagnon (1972) c. Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

b. Mississippi v. Gagnon (1972) d. Mississippi v. Garner (1985)

ANS: C

REF: 144

LO: 4

4.17 Historically, __________ has/have been the most explosive issue in police-community relations.

a. police corruption c. police use of excessive force

b. police shootings d. racial profiling

ANS: B

REF: 144

LO: 1

4.18 In the 1970s, in response to protests from civil rights groups, police departments began to replace the fleeing felon rule in favor of the __________ rule.

a. clear and present danger c. defense of life

b. imminent threat d. self defense

ANS: C

REF: 146

LO: 4

4.19 As far back as 1931 the ________ Commission reported that the “inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements is extensively practiced.”

a. Kerner c. Mollen

b. Wickersham d. President’s Crime

ANS: B

REF: 147

LO: 4

4.20 The FBI does not report arrest data on:

a. age. c. ethnicity.

b. race. d. gender.

ANS: C

REF: 151

LO: 2

4.21 Zero-tolerance policing is also called ________ policing:

a. by-the-book c. legalistic

b. no-discretion d. quality of life

ANS: D

REF: 154

LO: 5

4.22 __________ the lowest victimization rates of any racial or ethnic group in the U.S. Between 2002 and 2006, according to the NCVS, their violent crime victimization rate (10.6 per 1000):

a. Hispanics

b. African Americans

c. whites

d. Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Americans

ANS: D

REF: 142

LO: 1

4.23 The term “driving while black” was coined to describe the police practice of:

a. racial profiling.

b. hassling.

c. zero-tolerance enforcement.

d. All of the above.

ANS: A

REF: 156

LO: 1

4.24 Many local police officials argue that enforcing immigration laws will interfere with their______.

a. lunch time c. basic responsibilities

b. traffic enforcement d. political views

ANS: C

REF: 143

LO: 4

4.25 Enforcement of law in the responsibility of the federal ____________.

a. State Department

b. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

c. Immigration and Naturalization Services

d. Park Service

ANS: B

REF: 143

LO: 2

True/False

4.26 Community policing works only if residents are aware of and involved in the program.

a. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: 168

LO: 5

4.27 The police-community relations programs of the 1960s were surprisingly effective for first-generation innovations.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: 168

LO: 5

4.28 In the 1970s, most police departments greatly expanded their police-community relations programs so as to reach a larger segment of the serviced community.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF:168

LO: 4

4.29 Research has shown that people’s attitudes are affected by how they are treated by the police and not necessarily by the outcome of the interaction.

a. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: 138

LO: 5

4.30 The Kerner Commission found evidence of some departments actively discouraging citizen complaints in the 1960s.

a. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: 171

LO: 2

4.31 Mediation of a citizen complaint against the police is a court-ordered process in which the complainant and the officer meet face-to-face.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: 172

LO: 5

4.32 There is some evidence that citizen review further erodes public confidence in the complaint process because it is seen as a “cover-up” measure.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: 173

LO: 5

4.33 Economic class makes no difference in how people of color view the police.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: 133

LO: 1

4.34 The EEO Index compares the percentage of minority group officers in a department with the percentage of that group in the U.S. population.

a. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: 174

LO: 6

4.35 Recent immigration trends have heightened the importance of having bilingual officers who can communicate in Spanish or Asian languages.

a. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: 175

LO: 6

Fill-In

4.36 __________ discrimination based on race or ethnicity is illegal.

ANS: Employment

REF: 176

LO: 6

4.37 __________ exists where the percentage of employees in a particular job category is less than the percentage of potentially qualified members of that group in the labor force.

ANS: Underutilization

REF: 176

LO: 6

4.38 Having __________ officers on the force may improve the ability of the police to serve communities of recent immigrants and in that respect improve police-community relations with those groups.

ANS: bilingual

REF: 135

LO: 6

4.39 __________, regardless of race or ethnicity, are significantly underrepresented among all sworn officers and even more underrepresented in the supervisory ranks.

ANS: Women

REF: 178

LO: 6

4.40 And to clarify one point that is widely misuderstood, being in the United States without proper documentation is not a _____, it is a civil law violation.

ANS: crime

REF: 143

LO: 1

4.41 The ADC reported more than ___ violent attacks on Arab Americans in the first 9 weeks following the 9/11 terrorist attack

ANS: 700

REF: 142

LO: 1

4.42 Citizen perceptions of force are much broader. In the 2005 Police-Public Contact Survey, __ percent of people who experienced police use of force felt that it was “excessive,” and the responses varied only slightly be race and ethnicity.

ANS: 83

REF: 147

LO: 1

4.43 The BJS police-public contact survey does collect data on _______, and it found that were more likely than whites but less likely than African Americans to experience police use of force (2.3 percent of all encounters, down from 2002).

ANS: Hispanics

REF: 148

LO: 1

4.44 __________ standards for law enforcement agencies require that agencies have minority group and female employees in the sworn law enforcement ranks in approximate proportion to the makeup of the available work force in the law enforcement agencies’ serviced communities.

ANS: Accreditation

REF: 174

LO: 6

4.45 The point of __________ is not to establish guilt but to foster a dialogue that leads to better understanding on both sides of the issue.

ANS: mediation

REF: 172

LO: 5

Essay

4.46 Explain the four contexts of policing and how they help us understand the complex, sometimes contradictory evidence related to police and racial and ethnic minorities.

ANS:

REF: 132

LO: 1

4.47 Discuss the controversy around discrimination in arrests.

ANS:

REF: 150

LO: 3

4.48 Explain the problems related to policing the Native American community.

ANS:

REF: 131

LO: 1

4.49 Explain the circumstances relating to Tennessee v. Garner (1985), including the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the case.