NURS 6003 Week 8 Case Study

 

 

 

 

 

WEEK 8 CASE STUDY

 

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Introduction

The behavior of different organisms is mainly based on the concerted action that tends to occur in astonishing ranges from the molecular level to the organismal level. Candia et al. (2013) conducted a research where there must be a simultaneous measurement of multiple cell components. They later state that multiple cells need to be measured to understand an organism’s health. This paper will examine a case study presented earlier and analyze the symptoms of the case study patient. The paper will also tend to identify the association between the genes and the development of the disease together with the effect and the process of immunosuppression.

Symptoms Presented

From the symptoms that the patient was experiencing, I can conclude that the patient has signs and symptoms of a progressive nervous system disorder that affects one’s ability to move. Due to the shaking of the hands and his son presenting that he cannot stand on his own from a chair, I can conclude that the patient has Parkinson’s disease. According to NHS Choices (2019), the three main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include having stiff and inflexible muscles, slow movement, and tremors that involuntarily shake one’s body parts. Other physical and psychological symptoms include having memory problems, insomnia, anosmia, balancing problems resulting in a higher probability of falling, and anxiety and depression.

Association of Genes with the Development of the Disease

The association of genes with the development of Parkinson’s disease is one of the factors that tend to play a huge role in its development. According to the Mayo Clinic (2020), researchers identify various specific genetic mutations that tend to cause Parkinson’s disease. Certain Gene variations tend to appear in increasing risk of being infected with Parkinson’s disease. According to researchconducted by Kia et al. (2021), the study’s main aim was to identify Parkinson’s disease genes by integrating genome-wide association study expression and epigenetic datasets. Their results were that through changes in expression, they could find 515 genes that had one mb of significant Parkinson’s disease risk variants. According to the study results, five genes, WDR6, CD38, GPNMB, RAB29, and TMEM163, were replicated across the TWAS and Coloc results. According to Klein &Westenberger (2012), other genes include SNCA which was the first gene that had mutations that were reported to cause autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. LRRK2 is a gene that had the most frequent cause of late-onset autosomal dominance and had sporadic Parkinson’s disease with a mutation frequency that ranges from 2% to 40% in different populations. Brice and cites in Klein &Westenberger (2012). The researchers also concluded that variants in the several PARK-designated genes such as SNCA, UCHLI, and PARK 16 and other genes such as APOE, HLA-DRA had been associated with an increase in the development of Parkinson disease. These genes tend to have something in common in which they are associated with the development of Parkinson’s disease or indirectly related to the immune system of the patient’s body.

Process and Effect of Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression is mainly a state in which one’s immune system is not functioning well. The drugs are essential as they protect the body from its immune system, as without immunosuppression, the body is at high risk of being attacked by the immune system. Corticosteroids and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors may tend to lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease. According to a study conducted by Medicare part d prescription drug data, one-third less of the patients using IMDH inhibitors were about 1/3 less likely to be diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease than those taking the immunosuppressant drugs. The patients taking corticosteroids had a 20% less risk of being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (George, 2018). Individuals are less likely to possess Parkinson’s disease if they consume drugs that suppress the immune system. Immunosuppressants bear positive and protective measures, but they come with high risks. Patients are presented with an increased risk of infections and cancer. Side effects such as vomiting, hand trembling, and loss of appetite may be experienced, but the effects will recede as the body adjusts to the drugs. Patients may need immediate medical attention if they experience a never-ending cough, unusual weight gain, surgical scar fluid drainage, frequent urination, or fever. Long-term effects may include hypersensitivity reactions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Candia, J., Maunu, R., Driscoll, M., Biancotto, A., Dagur, P., McCoy, J. P., Sen, H. N., Wei, L., Maritan, A., Cao, K., Nussenblatt, R. B., Banavar, J. R., &Losert, W. (2013). From Cellular Characteristics to Disease Diagnosis: Uncovering Phenotypes with Supercells. PLoS Computational Biology, 9(9), e1003215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003215

George, J. (2018, June 7). Immunosuppressants Linked to Lower PD Risk. Www.medpagetoday.com. https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/parkinsonsdisease/73359

Kia, D. A., Zhang, D., Guelfi, S., Manzoni, C., Hubbard, L., Reynolds, R. H., Botía, J., Ryten, M., Ferrari, R., Lewis, P. A., Williams, N., Trabzuni, D., Hardy, J., Wood, N. W., Noyce, A. J., Kaiyrzhanov, R., Middlehurst, B., Kia, D. A., Tan, M., &Houlden, H. (2021). Identification of Candidate Parkinson Disease Genes by Integrating Genome-Wide Association Study, Expression, and Epigenetic Data Sets. JAMA Neurology, 78(4), 464. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.5257

Klein, C., &Westenberger, A. (2012). Genetics of Parkinson’s Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(1), a008888–a008888. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008888

Mayo Clinic. (2020, December 8). Parkinson’s disease – symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

NHS Choices. (2019). Overview – Parkinson’s disease. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/