Promoting Asepsis & Preventing Infection

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following behaviors indicates the highest potential for spreading infections among clients? The nurse:

1)
disinfects dirty hands with antibacterial soap.
2)
allows alcohol-based rub to dry for 10 seconds.
3)
washes hands only after leaving each room.
4)
uses cold water for medical asepsis.

____ 2. What is the most frequent cause of the spread of infection among institutionalized patients?

1)
Airborne microbes from other patients
2)
Contact with contaminated equipment
3)
Hands of healthcare workers
4)
Exposure from family members

____ 3. Which of the following nursing activities is of highest priority for maintaining medical asepsis?

1)
Washing hands
2)
Donning gloves
3)
Applying sterile drapes
4)
Wearing a gown

____ 4. A patient infected with a virus but who does not have any outward sign of the disease is considered a:

1)
pathogen.
2)
fomite.
3)
vector.
4)
carrier.

____ 5. A patient is admitted to the hospital with tuberculosis. Which precautions must the nurse institute when caring for this patient?

1)
Droplet transmission
2)
Airborne transmission
3)
Direct contact
4)
Indirect contact

____ 6. A patient becomes infected with oral candidiasis (thrush) while receiving intravenous antibiotics to treat a systemic infection. Which type of infection has the patient developed?

1)
Endogenous nosocomial
2)
Exogenous nosocomial
3)
Latent
4)
Primary

____ 7. A patient admitted to the hospital with pneumonia has been receiving antibiotics for 2 days. His condition has stabilized, and his temperature has returned to normal. Which stage of infection is the patient most likely experiencing?

1)
Incubation
2)
Prodromal
3)
Decline
4)
Convalescence

____ 8. The nurse assists a surgeon with central venous catheter insertion. Which action is necessary to help maintain sterile technique?

1)
Closing the patient’s door to limit room traffic while preparing the sterile field
2)
Using clean procedure gloves to handle sterile equipment
3)
Placing the nonsterile syringes containing flush solution on the sterile field
4)
Remaining 6 inches away from the sterile field during the procedure

____ 9. A patient develops localized heat and erythema over an area on the lower leg. These findings are indicative of which secondary defense against infection?

1)
Phagocytosis
2)
Complement cascade
3)
Inflammation
4)
Immunity

____ 10. The patient suddenly develops hives, shortness of breath, and wheezing after receiving an antibiotic. Which antibody is primarily responsible for this patient’s response?

1)
IgA
2)
IgE
3)
IgG
4)
IgM

____ 11. What type of immunity is provided by intravenous (IV) administration of immunoglobulin G?

1)
Cell-mediated
2)
Passive
3)
Humoral
4)
Active

____ 12. A patient asks the nurse why there is no vaccine available for the common cold. Which response by the nurse is correct?

1)
The virus mutates too rapidly to develop a vaccine.
2)
Vaccines are developed only for very serious illnesses.
3)
Researchers are focusing efforts on an HIV vaccine.
4)
The virus for the common cold has not been identified.

____ 13. A patient who has a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C) most likely requires:

1)
acetaminophen (Tylenol).
2)
increased fluids.
3)
bedrest.
4)
tepid bath.

____ 14. Why is a lotion without petroleum preferred over a petroleum-based product as a skin protectant? It:

1)
Prevents microorganisms from adhering to the skin.
2)
Facilitates the absorption of latex proteins through the skin.
3)
Decreases the risk of latex allergies.
4)
Prevents the skin from drying and chaffing.

____ 15. For which range of time must a nurse wash her hands before working in the operating room?

1)
1 to 2 minutes
2)
2 to 4 minutes
3)
2 to 6 minutes
4)
6 to 10 minutes

____ 16. How should the nurse dispose of the breakfast tray of a patient who requires airborne isolation?

1)
Place the tray in a specially marked trash can inside the patient’s room.
2)
Place the tray in a special isolation bag held by a second healthcare worker at the patient’s door.
3)
Return the tray with a note to dietary services so it can be cleaned and reused for the next meal.
4)
Carry the tray to an isolation trash receptacle located in the dirty utility room and dispose of it there.

____ 17. How much liquid soap should the nurse use for effective hand washing? At least:

1)
2 mL
2)
3 mL
3)
6 mL
4)
7 mL

____ 18. To assure effectiveness, when should the nurse stop rubbing antiseptic hand solution over all surfaces of the hands?

1)
When fingers feel sticky
2)
After 5 to 10 seconds
3)
When leaving the client’s room
4)
Once fingers and hands feel dry

____ 19. A patient is admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy and has a low white blood cell count. Which precaution should the staff take with this patient?

1)
Contact
2)
Protective
3)
Droplet
4)
Airborne

____ 20. While donning sterile gloves, the nurse notices the edges of the glove package are slightly yellow. The yellow area is over 1 inch away from the gloves and only appears to be on the outside of the glove package. What is the best action for the nurse to take at this point?

1)
Continue using the gloves inside the package because the package is intact.
2)
Remove gloves from sterile field and use a new pair of sterile gloves.
3)
Throw all supplies away that were to be used and begin again.
4)
Use the gloves and make sure the yellow edges of the package do not touch the client.

____ 21. The nurse is removing personal protective equipment (PPE). Which item should be removed first?

1)
Gown
2)
Gloves
3)
Face shield
4)
Hair covering

____ 22. A nurse is splashed in the face by body fluid during a procedure. Prioritize the nurse’s actions, listing the most important one first.

A. Contact employee health

B. Complete an incident report

C. Wash the exposed area

D. Report to another nurse that she is leaving the immediate area.

1)
1, 2, 3, 4
2)
2, 3, 4, 1
3)
3, 4, 1, 2
4)
4, 1, 2, 3

Multiple Response

Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

____ 1. In which situation would using standard precautions be adequate? Select all that apply.

1)
While interviewing a client with a productive cough
2)
While helping a client to perform his own hygiene care
3)
While aiding a client to ambulate after surgery
4)
While inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter

____ 2. Which of the following protect(s) the body against infection? Select all that apply.

1)
Eating a healthy well-balanced diet
2)
Being an older adult or an infant
3)
Leisure activities three times a week
4)
Exercising for 30 minutes 5 days a week

____ 3. The nurse is teaching a group of newly hired nursing assistive personnel (NAP) about proper hand washing. The nurse will know that the teaching was effective if the NAP demonstrate what? Select all that apply. The NAP:

1)
uses a paper towel to turn off the faucet.
2)
holds fingertips above the wrists while rinsing off the soap.
3)
removes all rings and watch before washing hands.
4)
cleans underneath each fingernail.

____ 4. Alcohol-based solutions for hand hygiene can be used to combat which types of organisms? Select all that apply.

1)
Virus
2)
Bacterial spores
3)
Yeast
4)
Mold

____ 5. A patient with tuberculosis is scheduled for computed tomography (CT). How should the nurse proceed? Select all that apply.

1)
Question the order because the patient must remain in isolation.
2)
Place an N-95 respirator mask on the patient and transport him to the test.
3)
Place a surgical mask on the patient and transport him to CT lab.
4)
Notify the computed tomography department about precautions prior to transport.

True/False

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____ 1. Bacteria are necessary for human health and well-being.

Chapter 20. Promoting Asepsis & Preventing Infection

Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: 3

Patients acquire infection by contact with other patients, family members, and healthcare equipment. But most infection among patients is spread through the hands of healthcare workers. Hand washing interrupts the transmission and should be done before and after all contact with patients, regardless of the diagnosis. When the hands are soiled, healthcare staff should use antibacterial soap with warm water to remove dirt and debris from the skin surface. When no visible dirt is present, an alcohol-based rub should be applied and allowed to dry for 10 to 15 seconds.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 423

KEY: Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

2. ANS: 3

Patients are exposed to microbes by contact (direct contact, airborne, or otherwise) with other patients, family members, and contaminated healthcare equipment. Some of these are pathogenic (cause illness) and some are nonpathogenic (do not cause illness). But most microbes causing infection among patients are spread by direct contact on the hands of healthcare workers.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 423

KEY: Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

3. ANS: 1

Scrupulous hand washing is the most important part of medical asepsis. Donning gloves, applying sterile drapes before procedures, and wearing a protective gown may be needed to ensure asepsis, but they are not the mostimportant aspect because microbes causing most healthcare-related infections are transmitted by lack of or ineffective hand washing.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 408 | V1, p. 428

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: Safe Care Environment | Cognitive level: Comprehension

4. ANS: 4

Some people might harbor a pathogenic organism, such as the human immunodeficiency virus within their body, and yet do not acquire the disease/infection. These individuals, called carriers, have no outward sign of active disease, yet they can pass the infection to others. A pathogen is an organism capable of causing disease. A fomite is a contaminated object that transfers a pathogen, such as pens, stethoscopes, and contaminated needles. A vector is an organism that carries a pathogen to a susceptible host through a portal for entry into the body. An example of a vector is a mosquito or tick that bites or stings.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 411

KEY: Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

5. ANS: 2

The organisms responsible for measles and tuberculosis, as well as many fungal infections, are spread through airborne transmission. Neisseria meningitidis, the organism that causes meningitis, is spread through droplet transmission. Pathogens that cause diarrhea, such asClostridium difficile, are spread by direct contact. The common cold can be spread by indirect contact or droplet transmission.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 412

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Comprehension

6. ANS: 1

Thrush in this patient is an example of an endogenous, nosocomial infection. This type of infection arises from suppression of the patient’s normal flora as a result of some form of treatment, such as antibiotics. Normal flora usually keep yeast from growing in the mouth. In exogenous nosocomial infection, the pathogen arises from the healthcare environment. A latent infection causes no symptoms for long periods. An example of a latent infection is human immunodeficiency virus infection. A primary infection is the first infection that occurs in a patient.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 409 | V1, p. 413

KEY: Nursing process: Assessment | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Comprehension

7. ANS: 3

The stage of decline occurs when the patient’s immune defenses, along with any medical therapies (in this case antibiotics), are successfully reducing the number of pathogenic microbes. As a result, the signs and symptoms of infection begin to fade. Incubation is the stage between the invasion by the organism and the onset of symptoms. During the incubation stage, the patient does not know he is infected and is capable of infecting others. The prodromal stage is characterized by the first appearance of vague symptoms. Convalescence is characterized by tissue repair and a return to heal as the organisms disappear.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 413

KEY: Nursing process: Diagnosis | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Analysis

8. ANS: 1

To maintain sterile technique, the nurse should close the patient’s door and limit the number of persons entering and exiting the room because air currents can carry dust and microorganisms. Sterile gloves, not clean gloves, should be used to handle sterile equipment. Placing nonsterile syringes on the sterile field contaminates the field. One foot, not 6 inches, is required between people and the sterile field to prevent contamination.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, pp. 430-431 | V2, p. 360

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

9. ANS: 3

The classic signs of inflammation, a secondary defense against infection, are erythema (redness) and localized heat. The secondary defenses phagocytosis (process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens) and the complement cascade (process by which blood proteins trigger the release of chemicals that attack the cell membranes of pathogens) do not produce visible findings. Immunity is a tertiary defense that protects the body from future infection.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: V1, p. 417

KEY: Nursing process: Diagnosis | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Application

10. ANS: 2

The patient is most likely experiencing an allergic response to the antibiotic. IgE is the antibody primarily responsible for this allergic response. The antibodies IgA, IgG, and IgM are not involved in the allergic response. IgA antibodies protect the body from in fighting viral and bacterial infections. IgG antibioties are the only type that cross the placenta in a pregnant women to protect her unborn baby (fetus). IgM are the first antibodies made in response to infection.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: V1, p. 418

KEY: Nursing process: Assessment | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Analysis

11. ANS: 2

Intravenous administration of immunoglobulin G provides the patient with passive immunity. Immunoglobulin G does not provide cell-mediated, humoral, or active immunity. Passive immunity occurs when antibodies are transferred by antibodies from an immune host, such as from a placenta to a fetus. Passive immunity is short-lived. Active immunity is longer lived and comes from the host itself. Humoral immunity occurs by secreted antibodies binding to antigens. Cell-mediated immunity does not involve antibodies but rather fight infection from macrophages that kills pathogens.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 418

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Recall

12. ANS: 1

More than 200 viruses are known to cause the common cold. These viruses mutate too rapidly to develop a vaccine. Although some researchers are focusing efforts on a vaccine for HIV infection, others continue to research the common cold.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 422

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

13. ANS: 2

Fever, a common defense against infection, increases water loss; therefore, additional fluid is needed to supplement this loss. Acetaminophen and a tepid bath are not necessary for this low-grade fever because fever is beneficial in fighting infection. Adequate rest, not necessarily bedrest, is necessary with a fever.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 421

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: PHSI | Cognitive level: Analysis

14. ANS: 3

Non–petroleum-based lotion is preferred because it prevents the absorption of latex proteins through the skin, which can cause latex allergy. Both types of lotion prevent the skin from drying and becoming chafed. Neither prevents microorganisms from adhering to the skin.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V2, p. 335

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Analysis

15. ANS: 3

In a surgical setting, hands should be washed for 2 to 6 minutes, depending on the type of soap used.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 423

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

16. ANS: 2

Patients who require airborne isolation are served meals on disposable dishes and trays. To dispose of the tray, the nurse inside the room must wear protective garb and place the tray and its contents inside a special isolation bag that is held by a second healthcare worker at the patient’s door. The items must be placed on the inside of the bag without touching the outside of the bag.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, pp. 427-428

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

17. ANS: 2

APIC guidelines dictate that 3 to 5 mL of liquid soap is necessary for effective hand washing.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V2, p. 334

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

18. ANS: 4

The nurse should rub the antiseptic hand solution over all surfaces of the hands until the solution dries, usually 10 to 15 seconds, to ensure effectiveness.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 428 | V2, p. 335

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

19. ANS: 2

Protective isolation is used to protect those patients who are unusually vulnerable to organisms brought in by healthcare workers. Such patients include those with low white blood cell counts, with burns, and undergoing chemotherapy. Some hospital units, such as neonatal intensive care units and labor and delivery suites, also use forms of protective isolation.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 427

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

20. ANS: 2

The gloves should be thrown away because the gloves are likely to be contaminated from an outside source. The supplies do not have to be thrown away because they have not been contaminated.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V2, pp. 349-350

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

21. ANS: 2

The gloves are removed first because they are usually the most contaminated PPE and must be removed to avoid contamination of clean areas of the other PPE during their removal. The gown is removed second, then the mask or face shield, and finally, the hair covering.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V2, pp. 338-340

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

22. ANS: 3

If a nurse becomes exposed to body fluid, she should first wash the area, tell another nurse she is leaving the area, contact the infection control or employee health nurse immediately, and complete an incident report. It is most important to remove the source of contamination (body fluid) as soon as possible after exposure to help prevent the nurses from becoming infected. The other activities can wait until that is done.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, pp. 431-432

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Application

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. ANS: 3, 4

Standard precautions should be instituted with all clients whenever there is a possibility of coming in contact with blood, body fluids (except sweat), excretions, secretions, mucous membranes, and breaks in the skin (e.g., while inserting a peripheral IV). When interviewing a client, if the disease is not spread by air or droplets, there is no likelihood of the nurse’s encountering body fluids. If the disease is spread by air or droplets, then droplet or airborne precautions would be needed in addition to standard precautions. If giving a complete bed bath or performing oral hygiene, the nurse would need to use standard precautions (gloves); if merely assisting a client to perform those ADLs, it is not necessary. No exposure to body fluids is likely when helping a client to ambulate after surgery.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 425 | V2, pp. 354-356

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Recall

2. ANS: 1, 3, 4

Nutrition, hygiene, rest, exercise, stress reduction, and immunization protect the body against infection. Illness, injury, medical treatment, infancy or old age, frequent public contact, and various lifestyle factors can make the body more susceptible to infection.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 421

KEY: Client need: HPM | Cognitive level: Recall

3. ANS: 1, 3, 4

Hand washing requires at least 15 seconds of washing, which includes lathering all surfaces of the hands and fingers to be effective. The fingers should be held lower than the wrists.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, pp. 423-424 | V2, p. 334

KEY: Nursing process: Evaluation | Client need: Safe Care Environment | Cognitive level: Recall

4. ANS: 1, 3, 4

If there is potential for contact with bacterial spores, hands must be washed with soap and water; alcohol-based solutions are ineffective against bacterial spores.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 415

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Comprehension

5. ANS: 3, 4

Transporting a patient who requires airborne precautions should be limited; however, when necessary the patient should wear a surgical mask (an N-95 respirator mask is not required) that covers the mouth and nose to prevent the spread of infection. Moreover, the department where the patient is being transported should be notified about the precautions before transport.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: V1, p. 430 | V2, p. 357

KEY: Nursing process: Interventions | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level: Comprehension

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: T

Organisms that normally inhabit the body, called normal flora, are essential for human health and well-being. They keep pathogens in check. In the intestine, these flora function to aid digestion and promote the release of vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamine, and riboflavin.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: V1, p. 410

KEY: Client need: HPM | Cognitive level: Recall